International trade and payments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International trade and payments - Essay Example It illustrates on the point of China’s growth on the rest of the world economy. It is assumed that France is importing grapes from the world market. The supply and demand curve of the country and the world market are given by the lines D and S respectively. The world trade price is set at PW and PA is the equilibrium price of the importing price, i.e. France in this case. At price level Pw, the demand for grapes is OQ1 and the supply of grapes is OQ2. Q1Q2 accounts for the amount of shortage of grapes in the domestic market. The amount of imports is also the same for France. As the world price of grapes is lower than the French price, this implies a better off effect for the consumers as lower priced goods are available to them now. But there is a negative effect for the domestic producers. Now, they would have to produce at a lower price in order to compete with the global price. Some of them would be even compelled to leave the market. The above figure depicts how imposition of tariff affects the economy. The French government imposes tariff on imports of grapes. The world price of grapes is at Pw and on implementing tariff the price rises to Pw+t. Initially, Q1 and Q2 were the supply and demand for grapes in the world market, respectively. After tariff, Q3 and Q4 becomes the supply and demand respectively. Thus, imports shrink from Q1Q2 to Q3Q4. Imposing tariff has two beneficial effects. Firstly it adds to the revenue of the government. Secondly, it acts as a protection for the domestic producers, so that they can produce more. Effect on Consumers: Consumers in the importing country, in this case France, suffer a reduction in well being as a result of the tariff. Increase in the domestic prices of goods and services imported reduce the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Effect on Producers: Producers in France experience in well being as a result of the tariff. Increase in prices of their product in the domestic market increase their

Residential car Essay Example for Free

Residential car Essay In this assignment we will discuss Residential care as a system of care provision in the Ireland. We will also discuss how the intervention may be of support to clients and the different theoretical approaches used. We will list the pros and cons of residential care and discuss the differences between the Private, Public and Voluntary sectors. Although it is generally in the best interest of the child for him or her to be brought up by their own family, it is not always possible as a child’s welfare and safety is paramount to their wellbeing. Residential care is described as care for children who can no longer be cared for by their family in their own home. This may also happen in the case of a child who has been abandoned or orphaned. Where parents are unable to cope due to illness or other problems they may agree to their children being taken into the care of the Health Service Executive (HSE.ie). Residential care refers to care that can be provided in a home (for children in the care of the HSE) staffed by Care Staff. The home or centre is referred to as a children’s residential centre. Residential care may be provided in a HSE run children’s residential centres. Care may also be provided by voluntary organizations on a not for profit basis. In recent years, organizations also provide residential care for young people on a for profit basis. Under the Child Care Act 1991 residential centres have to be registered and inspected by health boards. Centre’s managed directly by the HSE are inspected by the Social Services Inspectorate (SSI) and those centres in the voluntary sector and contracted to the HSE are inspected by nominated appropriate personal. The recent development of the private sector provision of residential centres follows the similar registration and inspection requirements of the voluntary sector. (Lecture notes) The purpose of residential care is to provide a safe, nurturing environment for individual children and young people who cannot live at home or in an alternative family environment. It aims to meet in a planned way the physical, educational, emotional, spiritual, health and social needs of each child. This may include ; working with a young person’s Social Worker and other professionals to prepare a young person for a successful return home, working with a young person’s Social Worker and other professionals to prepare a young person for a successful transition to an agreed placement of choice, working with a young person’s Social Worker and other professionals to prepare a young person for a  successful transition to independent / supported living (Institute of Child Protection Studies) There are many different ways in which residential care can support a child in care. Keyworking is the provision of individualised care for each young person through a named member of the centres staff team. While a keyworker is not solely responsible for the care of the young person it is their responsibility to co-ordinate and ensure that the team focus is on progressing the young persons care plan and the young person’s life in the centre. It is also crucial that the welfare and best interests of resident young people are of paramount consideration in all aspects of the care provided and that the young people in care are provided with an opportunity to feel safe, secure and protected from harm in an environment where they can be sure their primary needs will be met. Childcare act 1991 offers many approaches to meeting the needs of children and their families. Examples of these approaches include emergency care, assessment, short and long term care, respite care also to provide families in difficulty (Child Care Regulations 1996). There are several different theoretical approaches used in residential care.’ A therapeutic intervention is an intentional interaction(s) or event(s) which is expected to contribute to a positive outcome for a child or young person, which is selected on the basis of his/her identiï ¬ ed needs, and which is underpinned by an informed understanding of the potential impact and value of the interaction/event involved’ (Best Practice Guidelines) Attachment theory is an extremely important example. Where children who are placed in the child welfare system have not experienced a secure base with their primary carers it is essential that social care practitioners aim to form this quality of relationship with them which is what is meant by the provision of a ‘second chance secure base’. A secure base is a relationship within which a child or youth feels safe, nourished both physically and emotionally, where s/he is comforted when distressed, reassured when frightened. Aristotle argued that happiness for humans is not possible in the absence of reciprocal, affective relationships or friendships (Sherman 1991). Such relationships for children are only possible in the context of satisfactory attachments which provide for them a secure base from which to explore their environment (Bowlby 1988). Attachment theory emphasises that continuity and sensitive responses to youth in care are key features of the environment of care-giving (Rutter   O’ Connor 1999). Due to persistent relationship problems and patterns, care staff offering a good relationship may not be enough. There may be a need to actively identify abusive relating and encourage and model alternatives. Important principles are: modelling; rewards rather than punishments; and natural consequences and consistently applied limits (Morton et al., 1999, p. 57). Social learning theory together with trauma and non-violence theory can form the basis of models which see the whole environment as a therapeutic agent (Abramovitz Bloom, 2003). A social care worker needs to have a variety of skills and qualities when working in a residential home with vulnerable clients. The care worker needs to be open minded and non-judgemental, a good listener, patient, be able to work as part of a team, be understanding and must be flexible and be able to work under pressure or adapt to any changes quickly. Like every situation or care setting there are always pros and cons. The pros of residential care include: Residential Care is seen as a secure environment. Children get to build relationships with others Regulated by HSE to ensure the best possible care and services are given Activities are arranged The child’s needs are met and there is consistent care givenThe Cons of a residential care setting include: The child may feel neglected or unwanted and see themselves as being institutionalised. Often required to do things at set times May not always have a choice who they share rooms with and may not be compatible Limited living space and private space  A good care provider may not be good at property management and maintenance and vice versa (housingoptions.org.uk) Residential homes are operational under the three sectors which are public, private and voluntary. The public sector is defined as the whole of the activities, organisations, institutions or services, for which the state or its representatives can be regarded as the employer, and whereby the organisation, the goals and the operation thereof are determined by public authorities and underpinned by public funding.( www.eurofound.europa.eu) The Private Sector is the part of the economy that is not fully state controlled  and is run by individuals or groups of people. In the case of residential homes an example of a private run care home is Daffodil Care services. Although this is a private run service it is still monitored by the Health Service Executive. The final sector is the voluntary sector, which has ‘pioneered the provision of services, with the state becoming involved in a supportive role at a later stage’. In many instances voluntary organisations supplement the b asic services provided by the state. Depending on the type of activity engaged in, there are different sources of funding for voluntary organisations. These include the European Social Fund and Lottery Funding. The main sources of recurrent funds for the majority of voluntary organisations providing welfare services are health boards. Section 65 of the Health Act, 1953 provides that health authorities may support organisations providing services similar to those of the health authority. (Curry 2003) Conclusion In conclusion to this assignment we have discussed Residential Care as a whole and shows how theoretical approaches are used and also gives us a clear understanding of the three different sectors. Residential care will always be needed in society to ensure the care for children who may not have any other options or resources available. Reference List: Curry, J (2003). Irish Social Services, 4th ed. Dublin : British Library Best practice guidelines(2009)best practice guidelines for the use and implementation of therapeutic interventions for children and young people in out of home care [online] available:http://www.caab.ie/Publications/PDFsPublications/Guidance-Documents/CAAB-Best-Prac-Guide-hteraputice-Inter.aspx[6th December 2011]. Evergreenconsultantsinhumanbehaviour[online]http://attachmenttherapy.com/adult.htm[6th December 2011].

BIM Based Life Cycle Assessment Tool

BIM Based Life Cycle Assessment Tool Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used to evaluate a particular product, process, or activity from cradle to grave the environmental effects. LCA is methodology for measuring and evaluating some aspects of all relevant costs, revenues, environmental impacts and performance associated in all stages of an asset over its life cycle (ISO15686, 2008), it compiles and evaluates an inventory of relevant input, output, and potential environmental impacts in relation to the objective of study throughout its life cycle (ISO14040, 2006). LCA provides a complete picture of the interactions of activities with the environment and it is one of the decision supporting tools providing information on environmental effects of these activities and identifies opportunities for environmental improvement for stakeholders to make decision. The concept of LCA started from late 1960s, the earliest forerunners were the Resource and Environmental Profile Analyses (REPAs) and a research founded by Coca Cola funds study of different beverage containers and packaging system. LCA been extended used during global oil crises from 1973 emerged many countries began to explore substitute resources to produce energy. Energy analysis by comparing different substitute sources through life-cycle basis gave a true indication. The interest of LCA continued used for decision making policy through the 1980s. The REPA early studies emphasized on raw material, energy inputs and waste generation through environmental impact as LCA methodology and modern LCA methodology outlined the components of contemporary LCA from four distinct analytical steps: goal definition, inventory assessment, impact assessment, and improvement analysis in the late 1990s released ISO standards 14040 14043 by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). The latest series includes ISO 14040:2006 life cycle assessment principles and framework, ISO 14041:1998 standards for goal and scope definition and inventory analysis, ISO14042:2000 life cycle impact assessment and ISO 14043:2000 life cycle interpretation. There still much development tacking place till today. The stages of the LCA methodology based on international standards of series ISO 14040 consists of defining the goal and scope, creating the inventory, assessing the impact and finally interpreting. Today, the usage of LCA is extended to the construction industry; works have been undertaken on both large and small aspects from internal to external. Internally, LCA can be used in process analysis, product evaluation, material selection (cement or bricks) and product comparison (heating systems). From externally use, LCA can be used for marketing, information and education, eco-labelling. LCA is a comprehensive method to evaluate environment impact through whole life approach, LCA has 40-years history and still not been used widely due to there are limitations in using this tool. Firstly, expected life-time is various. Data collection and data reliability is always the question and difficulties to LCA tool. Further, uncertainty is everywhere and comparisons between studies are difficult. In all LCA is a decision supporting tool, no single methods can be used individually in providing a clear solution or decision. There are various LCA tools have been developed based on qualitative and quantitative methods that can assess building environmental impacts from embodied energy, operational energy, CO2 emission and other emissions from buildings. These tools have been classified and categorized into five major categories: Detailed LCA Modelling Tool; LCA design Tool; LCA CAD tool; Green Product Guides and Checklist and Building Assessment Schemes. Detailed LCA Modelling Tools: This category of LCA tools to calculate embodied energy and environmental impacts based on materials used, building components and processes of the work. The most famous used software under this category includes SimaPro, TEAM, Gabi, KCL-ECO, Boustead, GaBi, PEMS, Athena, BEES, LISA, ECO-QUANTUM, EQUER, Green Building Advisor USA, SIA D0123, Energy Life Cycle Assessment Model for Building Design (SBI) [14]. SimaPro is one of the most widely used professional LCA software under detailed LCA modelling tool category and worked based on calculating of material used by consultants, research institutes and universities. It contains several impact assessment methods can direct calculate for each element in a project; inventory databases can be edited and expanded easily; open and transparent database (Pre4 database, FRANKLIN US LCI database, IDEMAT database, BIWAL250 database, FEFCO database) which helps in fast data entry and database consistency checks. BEES (Building for Economic and Environmental Sustainability) USA be developed and to implement the most appropriate balance between environmental sustainability and economic performance. It can be used throughout all construction stages from preliminary design stages, construction or building product manufacture, maintenance of building and to building services. The data used in this software including inventory flow items of energy used and materials. It a typical detailed LCA modelling tool worked on building components. LCA Design Tools: LCA Design Tool is the yardstick for designers to measure environment performance of the building during design stage. By using this kind of LCA tools, designers can easily evaluated environment impact. Environmental information can be optimized measured. Envest is one of the widely used software under category of LCA Design tools developed by Building Research Establishment (BRE) in the U.K. Designers input the basic design information such as building element choices, building height, number of storeys, window areas and building Gross Floor Area. Calculation of building associated impacts and different options comparisons then performance. This software measures each environmental issue separately in their own units. Environmental issues data is more easily to use and gather on UK basis. Envest use weighting system based on BREs Ecopoint score. LCA CAD Tools: Similar to LCA Design Tools, some of LCA tools integrated with CAD planning tool or CAD assessment tool. Tools under this category are able to read building component information from CAD. Some tools can work with 3-D CAD to work get the material information and building components from CAD directly in order to work out environmental impact analysis. Well known software under this category include EcoScan, ECOit, LCAiTLCAid, ECOTECT, ENER-RATEE, Energy 10, EQUER, PAPOOSE, Legoe, Ecopro, OGIP, EPCMB [15]. LCAidTM is a decision-making tool developed by Australia and aimed to help building designer, LCA practitioner, LCA researcher or building rating practitioner for evaluating the different options of building or building components environmental performance and impact. It makes evaluation work easier and faster with working on 3D CAD system by importing materials quantities and assigning materials to each building elements. It is based on Green Building Challenges rating guide to weighing the elements. Life Cycle Inventories of building materials data are stored at LCAid library. Green Product Guides and Checklists: It is the most common use methods to assess environment impact currently. They are combine of global analysis and problem analysis take into consideration. Tools under this category provide qualitative guides of environmental issues to help stakeholders in decision making with consideration of environment performance at design stage when selecting alternative materials, or building components. Many countries or regions they have their own standards or guides to follow. Some guilds are famous and used worldwide like LEED from US and BREEAM from UK, International standards ISO 14040 to ISO 14043, and other famous guides include Environmental Preference Method (EPM), BEPAC, GREEN housing A-Z, ECDG, EcoSpecifier. [15]. Building Assessment Schemes: Basically, tools under this category are used to predict or assess building performance during its operational stage. They normally can be used before or after building occupancy. Examples include GBTool, BEAVER/ESOII, BUNYIP, DOE2.2, GSL-Giselle, Okoprofile, NatHERS, SEDA, ECOPROFILE, E2000 and BEE 1.0. [15]. Building information (bim) Changes in Information Communication Technologies lead to a change in the way information represented and in particular, information is being fed more easily and distributed more quickly to different stakeholders by the use of tool such as the Building Information Modelling (BIM) [15]. BIM is a digital building model which generating, managing and sharing information during its entire life cycle. [17] The development of BIM results in fundamentally changes of building design. With design information input of product materials, specification, finishes, costs, carbon content and any other special requirement transfers into virtual building model. Different stakeholders have better collaboration by using BIM. Figure 3 shows the usage of BIM and its functions. BIM has fundamentally changed how buildings are designed. There is now plenty of hard evidence that the wealth of information from virtual building models has completely transformed how the designers make their design decisions lead to a far better sustainable design buildings indeed. Typically collaboration between design disciplines is a low level information exchange, via a simple electronic or published format, however it is a existing commonly form of information collaboration in construction sector, in which there is none of added-value to the design process. The maintained situation is due to todays software tools, in particular to the BIM, have merely facilitated meaningful information collaboration across the sustainable discipline. Proportionally through adding time factor into BIM, BIM becomes a 4D modelling tool. The usage of BIM can then be expanded to planning, supply chain management, life cycle costing and assessment. The integration of LCA disciplines into BIM enables to assess both economic efficiency and sustainability of buildings. Its availability lies in a central building component repository. Further, BIM can be seen as a 5D modelling tool with element/material cost information, together with time information stored in BIM, it can work out the project estimating cost and its cash flow along the project life cycle. Comprising assessment to the environmental information into the BIM, BIM can further become a 6D modelling tool that can calculate the environmental impacts from buildings. Eventually, it can become even nD model with other special information added in [18]. Performance-based design supported by product models is becoming stage-of-the-art practice [19]. Therefore, one of the key advantages of using BIM as an analysis tool allows multi-disciplines to simulate building performance in a virtual environment. The number of performance criteria can be analyzed that are depended on several aspects includes architectural, structural, mechanical, energy. Therefore, BIM tool is a feasible approach for multidisciplinary team members to access and collaborate effectively Current existing BIM tools like Autodesk Revit, Tekla Structures, Digital Project, Bentley Syetems, ArchiCAD, AutoCAD- based Application, DProfiler and so on. Through the applications of construction practices, they have been found on their own strengths and weakness, especially in terms of technique, operational ease and the facilitation of sustainable information across. The analysis to the usedBIM tools being used shown below: Introduction Strengths Weakness Revit Introduce by Autodesk in 2002 Leader for the use in BIM gbXML interface for energy simulation and load analysis Direct interface to ROBOT and RISA structural analysis Conceptual design tool 2D section of detailing View interface: DGN, DWG, DWF, DXF, IFC, SAT, SKP, AVI, ODBC, gbXML, BMP, JPG, TGA, TIF Functionality is well-design and user-friendly Broad set of object libraries Direct link interface Bi-directional drawing Slow down on project larger than 200MB Limitation on parametric rules with angles Bentley Systems Introduce in 2004 by Bentley Architecture Integrated with others Bentley software Broad range of building tools Supports modeling with complex curved surfaces Multiple support for custom parametric objects Provide scalable support for large projects Large and non-integrated user interface Hard to learn and navigate Less extensive object libraries ArchiCAD Produce by Graphisoft in early 80s Serve MAC platform in addition to Windows Support range of direct interface Contains extensive object libraries Suite interfaces for energy and sustainability OBDC interface Intuitive interface and relatively simple to use Large object libraries Rich suite in supporting applications in construction facility management Only strong BIM product for MAC Limitation to parametric modeling Encounter scaling problem with large project Partition large project to manage them Digital Project Develop by Gehry Technologies Require a powerful workstation to run well Able to handle even the largest projects Model any type of surfaces Support elaborate custom parametric objects Complete parametric modeling capabilities for controlling surfaces and assemblies Relies on 3D parametric modeling for most detailing Steep learning curve Complex user interface High initial cost Limited object libraries (including external) Architectural drawing are not well developed Output section to drafting systems for completion AutoCAD- based Application Architectural Desktop ( ADT) Autodesk original 3D building modeling tool prior to Revit Provide a transition for 2D to BIM Relies on AutoCAD well-known capabilities for drawing production Interface: DGN, DWG, DWF, DXF, and IFC Easy to adopt for AutoCAD user Drafting functionality and interface Not parametric modeling Limited interface to other applications Scaling problem Tekla Structure Offered by Tekla Corp. Multiple divisions: building and construction, infrastructure and energy Support fabrication-level detailing of precast concrete structure and facades Structural analysis Interface: IFC, DWG, CIS/2 DTSV, SNDF, DGN, and DXF Export CNC Model structures that incorporate all kinds of structural materials Support very large model Concurrent operations on some projects Multiple simultaneous users Support complex parametric custom component libraries Too complex to learn and fully utilize Parametric component require sophisticated operators with high skill Not able to import complex multi-curved surfaces Relatively expensive Dprofiler Product of Beck Technologies in Dallas, Texas Provide feedback for construction cost and time User gain a set of drawing with financial and schedule reporting Can input own cost data or data from RS Means Support Sketchup and DWG Interface with Excel and DWG Market as a closed system for feasibility studies before actual design begins Ability to generate quick economic assessments Not a general purpose of BIM tool Purpose is economic evaluation of construction project Interface to support development in BIM Design tools is limited to 2D DWG files As presented above within the existing BIM tools, they provide less supports in sustainable information discipline across the models throughout the whole construction stages. Life cycle assessment in relation to carbon and energy emission Bim-based lca tool There is a high level of demand for sustainable construction due to the rising awareness of climate change and the most important buildings sustainable features are decided at design stage. Designers need to analyses sustainable features including building type, building forms, major materials used, context, MEP system. As mentioned in the previous section, BIM allows for multi-disciplinary information to be combined within one container and it creates a platform for multi-disciplinary to conduct sustainability analyses at construction initial stage. Adopting LCA concept integrate into BIM technology take consideration of low impact building design decision in time, embodied carbon, waste and cost (as shown in Figure 2). The principle of BIM-based holistic modelling in the building lifecycle, LCA can be available in the form of static visualization analysis at design stage whilst its dynamic simulation can be achievable through all stages of construction till demolition. During design phase, associated sustainability issues like energy consumption, carbon emission, waste generation, involved in building design and materials can be accurately quantified on the basis of a unique visualized static 3D information building model. From the phases of construction, to operation and demolition phases, LCA are a dynamic process where building sustainability are being embedded in those phases. For instance, carbon emission and waste production are likely to occur in the boundaries of manufacturing for building construction, maintaining for building operating and routine repairing, as well as recycling and disposing of building components and materials. These dynamic features are suggested to using a simulation approach for analyzing, while popular 4D/5D CAD techniques provide a viable approach to this dynamic simulation. The BIM-based LCA tool is therefore being considered as an enabler for multidisciplinary collaboration across specialty boundaries throughout the building lifecycle. The viability of model-based collaborative work has been verified by an interactive approach targeting on 4D CAD [21]. Planners with different specialties can collaboratively perform planning and 4D simulation underpinned by the 3D model. Similarly, taking the advantage of integrating LCA into BIM can realize optimal design decisions from a holistic perspective in multidisciplinary coalition. Sustainability issues and related costs in HVAC, structure, for instance, in a building can then be examined using the same BIM environment. In this kind of design decision process, the central information repository provided by the BIM model can create a collaboration context for potential stakeholders. Different specialties information in the repository can be accessed not only by information owners but other collaborators. Theref ore, sustainable design decisions on LCA can be made on the basis of informed rather than isolated approaches. The convenience of central information repository from the BIM model also brings the flexibility in applications. Given an online BIM model, distributed LCA application can be available through network support for geographically dispersed stakeholders. Conclusions This document provides authors with basic guidance on how to prepare the full papers. It is highly advised to use the Paper Template or strictly follow the instructions provided. A paper that does not meet the requirements will be returned to the author(s) for revision.

Free Essays - Janies Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Janie's Metamorphosis in Their Eyes Were Watching God Their Eyes Were Watching God is a story about identity and reality to say the least. Each stage in Janie's life was a shaping moment. Her exact metamorphosis, while ambiguous was quite significant. Janie's psychological identification was molded by many people, foremost, Nanny, her grandmother and her established companions. Reality, identity, and experience go hand in hand in philosophy, identity is shaped by experience and with experience you accept reality. Life is irrefutably the search for identity and the shaping of it through the acceptance of reality and the experiences in life. Identity is something every human quests for. Individuals tend to manipulate views, ideas, and prerogative. Janie's identity became clay in her family and friends hands. Most noteworthy was Janie's grandmother, Nanny. Janie blossomed into a young woman with an open mind and embryonic perspective on life. Being a young, willing, and full of life, Janie made the "fatal mistake" of becoming involved in the follies of an infatuation with the opposite sex. With this phase in Janie's life Nanny's first strong hold on Janie's neck flexed its grip. Preoccupation with romantic love took the backseat to Nanny's stern view on settling down with someone with financial stability. Hence, Janie's identity went through its first of many transformations. She fought within her self, torn between her adolescent sanction and Nanny's harsh limitations, but final gave way and became a cast of Nanny's reformation. For a short time Janie shared her life with her betrothed husband Logan Killicks. She desperately tried to become her new pseudo identity, to conform to the perfect "housewife" persona. Trying to make a marriage work that couldn't survive without love, love that Janie didn't have for Logan. Time and again Janie referred to love and her life in reference to nature, "Ah wants things sweet wid mah marriage lak when you sit under a pear tree and think... She often spoke to falling seeds and said Ah hope you fall on soft grounds... She knew the world was a stallion rolling in the blue pasture of ether"(24 - 25). Logan had blown out the hope in Janie's heart for any real love; she experienced the death of the childish imagery that life isn't a fairytale, her first dose of reality encountered and it tasted sour.

Safe Journey

SAFEJOURNEY 1. Introduction Since the innovation of diesel engine mankind has got new dimensions in their piece of living conditions i. e. the civilization. Most important achievement thereby was that men got the motion. These diesel engines gave shape in manifold. In transport sector the horse car/coach were started replacing by motorcars of different sizes and shapes to fit the needs of mankind. The addition of petrol engine has accelerated the rate. In the present era nobody can even think of avoiding the elements of transportation because the society has become too much dependent on this.But still there is a problem. The problem lies with the technology. Nobody can claim that these technologies will never fail. Due to mechanical fault, poor maintenance, overuse, overage, misuse etc these failures occur. Though we are aware of these and may take preventive and reactive measures to avoid those situations but these failures are still day-to-day phenomena. Think about a situation â⠂¬â€œ where your personal vehicle becomes out of order on the highway in a remote place. If so, what is the remedy? There are some arrangements by the Government.However, that could not earn the faith of the public. Thus, in our case, this aspect is still remaining uncared. The astute investors could have identified the need of assistance in such situation in many countries. The effort of our new service oriented firm Safejourney is to care these aspects. The purpose of this plan is to analyze the strategic and situational aspect of the firm and focus market product, marketing mix and thereby project a detailed marketing plan of the firm. The scope of this plan will be limited to the following: Concept Development Process †¢ Company Description †¢ Strategic Analysis †¢ Situation Analysis †¢ Market Product Focus †¢ Marketing Mix †¢ Financial Analysis †¢ Organization †¢ Implementation †¢ Evaluation and Control While formulating the plan fir stly our effort is to highlight the concept development process, followed by the orientation with the company. Then Mission, goals and core competency of the organization will be covered under strategic analysis. Thereafter, analytical part of the plan will include – SWOT, industry, competitor, company and customer analysis.The market, product and financing objectives of the organization and also target market identification will be the contents of the product market focus. This part will also mention the Unique Selling Proposition [USP] and positioning plan of the organization. Then under the marketing program 4 P’s i. e. marketing mix will be illustrated. The financial analysis and organization’s planned set up will be discussed followed by the implementation plan. Finally, the evaluation and control measures will be pen-pictured. We have carried out a detailed study, which was a combination of primary and secondary data analysis and empirical study.Our contac t method was mainly in the form of personal interviews with the competent official of the concerned authority, and collecting public views associated to this sector. We have also conducted the market survey deliberately, carried out various statistical analyses by testing related hypotheses. Collection of associated data from Bangladesh Road Transport Authority and Bangladesh Police [traffic control] were also a part of the survey. Thereby, we have found it is feasible to serve the victims of the roads. 2. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 2. 1 The Idea GenerationBangladesh is a third world developing country. The country’s GDP is not again encouraging. Therefore, the people cannot always effort to have all first hand / brand new vehicles of any sorts. The used vehicles are not always reliable and often found to be out of order. Moreover, poor infrastructure of the country has also strong influence to cause such failure – a fatal accident is not also an exception to it. The arrangements offered by the Government to support such cases are often seem to be inadequate, time consuming, costly and failed to earn confidence.Thus, there is always a need to support those victims in terms of mechanical, medical, psychological and emergency assistance. This led us to create the idea of a service organization to support in this regard. 2. 2 Concept Development The concept of providing necessary service by Safejourney is to have number of Highway Mobile Patrols [HMP] and Static service points at regular intervals. Maintaining a reliable communication network, our teams will be called by our valued customers and in response, will be capable to reach the spot within 30 minutes. Service charge will be collected depending upon the degree of assistance rendered.Membership will be offered on the basis of annual subscription. 2. 3 Nature of Service Safejourney will have the capability to offer the following services: Small scale repair work on the spot. Medium scale repa ir work at the static service points (Towing facilities will be included) Large scale repair work at the zonal workshops (Towing facilities will be included) Available at the static service points. On call. First aid will be provided on requirement. Evacuation support:Will be provided on emergency basis. 2. 4 Investment/Benefits/ Commissions/ Business 2. 4. Investment Concept 1Invest to purchase vehicles, repair machineries, establishment of Head offices, zonal workshops & static service points. Concept 2Invest to establish versatile communication network. Concept 3Invest in acquiring required manpower. Concept 4Invest in promotional and social activities. 2. 4. 2 Benefits Concept 1Earnings from membership charges. Concept 2Earnings from service charges. Concept 3Earnings from charges of emergency support. 5. Time Frame Concept 1To provide services round the clock. Concept 2To reach the spot within 30 minutes after calling.Concept 3To provide medical and emergency support as and wh en required. 6. Number of Outlets /Service Points Concept 1To arrange service facilities in the major highways. Concept 2At least two mobile patrols under each static service points. Concept 3Static service points are to be established every after 70/80 km. Concept 4Zonal offices are to be established near the major cities. Concept 5Head office is to be established at Dhaka. 3. Company Description 3. 1History Although it is new for the country like Bangladesh, service organization as Safejourney is not a new venture in the world.In Germany, there is such an organization known as â€Å"Allgemeiner Deutscher Automobile- Club† in short ADAC operating for more than 40 years. Earning the confidence and faith of the public is the first and foremost criteria for most of the businesses success. If one can achieve it, other part of the business becomes much easier. The newly established firm Safejourney is the pioneer in Bangladesh in this field. 2. Name The legal name of the firm is SAFEJOURNEY BANGLADESH PRIVATE LIMITED and the motto of Safejourney is Destination Guaranteed†¦ 3. PurposeThe purposes of Safejourney are described as follows: ? To provide quality repair and recovery services to the vehicles on the prescribed highways. To support the under mentioned services in emergency: a. Providing First aid to the accident Injuries. b. Evacuating the serious cases to the nearest hospital/ clinic. c. In case of criminal act, providing support by informing highway Patrol Police. d. To provide transportation service to anyone on payment only in emergency cases. ? In future we plan to render our communication network facilities to the transport companies. 4. Functional ActivitiesSafejourney has started her journey to serve the victims of the roads and persons in emergencies. On receiving the call from the customers our control station will intimate the matter and appropriate location to the responsible zonal office and / or static point keeping divisional offi ce informed. The zonal office or static points will than direct the nearest Highway Mobile Patrol (HMP) to the spot. HMP, upon initial investigation will render effort to repair the necessary defects. If the case appears to be relatively difficult, the vehicle will be towed to the respective static point.Likewise, major cases will be handled by the zonal workshop. In simple cases, on completion of the necessary repair jobs the customer will pay the bill prepared by HMP as per prescribed price chart. The members will get the discount if he/she possesses the Safejourney ID Card. In case of major / difficult cases the customer may pay in the head office or any of the zonal offices. A diagrammatical presentation of functional activities is as in Appendix A 3. 5 Organization It is essential to have a very well structured organisation to achieve the success in any kind of business. Thus, Safejourney has taken all out effort o organize both the administrative and functional aspects in orde r to ensure a quality service, secured and unbroken flow of information, good administration, better co-operation and co-ordination. Therefore, overall planning, organizing, leading and controlling aspects of Safejourney are vested on the head office. Under head office there are various departments for looking after the administrative perspectives of the firm. Moreover, our service areas are divided in three divisions. The divisions are again subdivided into area/zones to have a better control of the functional perspective of our organisation.However, a detail of Administrative Organisation of Safejourney is illustrated in Appendix B and Functional Organization of Safejourney is illustrated in Appendix C of this plan. 6. Establishment and Number of Outlets/Service Points We have offered initially three major route of the country. The routes are as follows: †¢ Dhaka – Chittagong Road †¢ Dhaka – Bogra – Rajshahi Road †¢ Dhaka – Jessore â€⠀œ Khulna Road Our head office is located in Dhaka, whereas the Divisional offices are in Chittagong, Bogra and Jessore. Detail of the Zonal Workshops, Static service points and outlets are presented in Appendix D of this plan. . 0 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS 4. 1 Mission Reaching our customers with in 30 minutes after calling at anytime on the highways when someone gets stuck with his/her vehicle and repair it to make him/her feel safe. 4. 2 Objectives 4. 2. 1 Financial Objective †¢ To earn an annual rate of return on investment at 20%. †¢ To Make Profit 20% above sales. †¢ To reduce the amount of investment capital where possible. †¢ To acquire 3500 members by year 5 †¢ To reach at the breakeven point by year 5 †¢ To achieve 80% of the market share by year 2008. 4. 2. 2 Marketing Objective †¢ To repair 30 vehicles per route each day. To provide better quality service than the potential competitors. †¢ To provide superior and timely repair †¢ To achieve strong brand name. †¢ To establish capable and systematic service outlets at each 60-80 km intervals. †¢ To ensure wide geographic coverage than rivals’ and potential competitors. †¢ To ensure higher level of customer satisfaction. †¢ To provide limited first aid and transportation to accident injuries to increase social value. 4. 3 Core Competency and sustainable competitive advantage Core competency means the achievement of significant competitive advantage by a firm over its rivals.Our core competency will be reaching in time to the customers and providing services of better quality than our competitors. 4. 3. 1 Reaching in time to the customers: We will have number of service centers each after 60-80 km. So, any one calling us over mobile/ T & T phone, we will ensure our presence with in 30 minutes. This will make the customers feel safe and confident about our organization. 4. 3. 2 Providing better quality service: At present our main competit ors are the old aged roadside or sub-urban based repair workshops. Our services will be provided in time with the modern equipment and of course we will maintain our quality. . 3. 3 Pioneer advantage: Though there are number of repair workshops but we are the first to provide on call services on the highways with fast speed and responsibilities. At present we don’t have much strong competitors, but even new competitors enter, we will have customer’s preferences as we are the first in this business. We will already have lot of members and hold the lion share of the market. 5. 0 SITUATION ANALYSIS 5. 1 SWOT Analysis 5. 1. 1 Strength: Main strengths of â€Å"safe journey† are identified as follows: 5. 1. 2. Weakness: The weaknesses are as follows: business is based on happenings of some eventualities . 1. 3. Opportunity: Opportunity means where the company can operate profitably. The Opportunities of safeJourney are as follows: 5. 1. 4 Threat: The happenings which may create obstruction in achieving our business objectives are as follows: 5. 2 Industry Analysis â€Å"SateJourney â€Å"is a service oriented organization. There are many others who provide the same services to the customers. There are many workshops located in the rural, suburban or urban areas. The rural or suburban based workshops are old aged, that doesn’t have any efficient system of identifying the problems and repairing those.There are few big sized workshops in the city areas but they hardly provide on call service. They also don’t have an efficient way of dealing with the customers. As a whole in the industry nobody is holding absolute supremacy. ‘Safe Journey’ will enter the business considering the aspects of winning customers’ mind. The competitors will not affect its operation and business objectives. The local workshops are weak but close competitors. City based service centers are strong but distant competitors, so ‘SafeJou rney ‘will enjoy almost monopoly in the rural highways and likely to face pure competition in the urban areas. . 3 Competitor Analysis 5. 3. 1 Brand Competitor: SafeJourney is the first company to provide mobile repair service and serve the customers even in the remote place on the high ways. Thereby at present we don’t find any brand competitor of ours. 5. 3. 2 Industry Competitor: Our service is based on repair services of the automobiles. There are many other small or big workshops providing the same kind of services. So they are our industry competitors. 5. 3. 3 Form Competitor: This service provides the need for safety on the high ways by repair and maintaining vehicles.There are few other workshops other than automobile workshops that also carryout some sort of repair works like motor cycle or bicycle repair. They are our form competitors. 5. 3. 4 Generic Competitor: Ours generic competitors would be anyone taking away our customers. The roadside restaurants, towe r vehicles, public transports are few of our generic competitors. 5. 4 Company Analysis Our company will have numbers of static points (service centers) each after 60-80 km distance on the highways. Those static points will remain under direct control of Head office located at Dhaka.We will also have offices in other major cities. They will deal with membership, complains, suggestions for operation and future expansion of the business. 5. 5 Customer Analysis 5. 5. 1 On the basis of buying Roles 5. 5. 2 On the basis of customer Buying Behavior Our service falls in the complex buying behavior group as it is a high involvement service. Customers normally don’t come to the workshops unless they need it. Again for yearly membership one has to pay Tk5000. Thereby, it is a service that involves a good amount of money. Customers will think twice to be a member of Safejourney.Thus, our customers buying will follow complex buying behavior. 6. 0 MERKET PRODUCT FOCUS 6. 1. Financial, Mar keting and Service Objective 6. 1. 1 Financial Objective 6. 1. 2. Marketing Objective. 6. 1. 3. Product / Service objective 6. 2 Target Market 6. 2. 1. The Selection of Target Market The Underlying logic and hypothesis dictated us to select the specific target markets: 6. 2. 2. Market Segmentation To attain the objective of our business plan, bases for our market segmentation is Demographic and psychographic factors. Under the demographic, the segment variables are social class and occupation.In social class the upper class and upper middle class is our focal point. And under occupation we have mainly focused to the business class. Under the psychographic bases we have considered the social values to be our main segment variables. People who are highly security concerned and highly time concerned are the point of concentration here. 6. 2. 3 Specific Target Group Basing on our logic/ hypothesis, our market segmentation has led us to select the following specific target groups as our customers: Private car owners. Business class traveling in personal/ official car.Taxi cab companies Transport owners/ Agencies. The target groups as per the segmentation can be categorized as under: |Market segment |Customer group | |Market segment 1 |Private car owners | |Market segment 2 |Business class | |Market segment 3 |Transport owners/Agencies, Taxicab companies. 6. 2. 4 Effectiveness of the Targeted Market Segment. Effectiveness of the segmentation can be measured using five useful criteria. These are Measurability, Substitutability, Accessibility, Differentiability and Actionable criteria. Testing of our segmentation based on these criteria is shown as under: Market Segment |Measurable |Substantial |Accessible |Differentiable |Action-able | |MS 1 |Very Good |Large and highly |Easily Accessible |Good |Effective and | | | |profitable | | |feasible plan can | | | | | | |be formulated | |MS 2 |very Good |Large and Profitable |Accessible |Good |Effective and | | | | | |feasibl e plan can | | | | | | |be formulated | |MS3 |very Good |Very Large and profit |Accessible |Good |Effective and | | | |able | | |Feasible plan can | | | | | | |be formulated | 6. 3 Point of Difference One of the most important factors for launching any new product/ service is the points of differentiation. We will differentiate our service from the competitor in respect of service, personnel and image differentiation. 6. 3. 1 Service Differentiation The key to success of our business will lie in adding value to the services and continuous improvement of quality. SafeJourney will differentiate its service from others in respect of following attributes: Ordering Ease |Any one facing the problem in highway can easily call us | | |simply making a phone call. Need not to take the trouble of | | |searching around miles together for someone leaving the | | |vehicle in uncertainty. | |Delivery |The mobile workshop of SafeJourney will be committed to solve | | |the problem in a speedy manner with adequate care and | | |accuracy. |Special service and Maintenance |Any one calling SafeJourney for a mechanical problem of | | |vehicles will be provided with free wind shield wash to that | | |vehicle and the assurance will be provided that any further | | |problem for same reason will be given free service in that | | |particular journey. | 6. 3. 2 Personnel Differentiation ‘SafeJourney’ will gain a strong competitive advantage by developing a better-trained people. For attaining this we will emphasize on the following aspect: Competence: The engineer/ mechanics of ‘safeJourney’ will possess the required skill and knowledge to deal with any mechanical/ technical problem of any type of vehicle. The mechanics will be grouped in such manner so that they can deal with any problem of the affected vehicle for which they are called for. ? Courtesy: The employees of our service will be trained to behave in a friendly, respectful and considerate manner in re sponse to any problem given by the customer. ? Credibility: The trustworthiness of the service will be developed by providing price rate card from the company along with the specific identity card for the employees. ? Responsiveness: The Company will have a quick response in any call by sending the mobile workshop within half an hour on the spot. Communication: ‘Safejourney’ will keep the system of communicating about any problem/ comments by giving a comment card while solving the vehicle problem. This will be used by the management for further improvement of service. 6. 3. 3 Image Differentiation Our service will give adequate emphasis on building an image of quick and quality service. To do this, we will express our messages in symbols, written and audiovisual media, different events and also by employee behavior. 6. 3. 4 Unique Selling Proposition (USP) This is the factor which will attract the customer to accept our service rather than the competitors. We will conc entrate on the following USP of our service. Caring about customer's time. Greater attention on safety measures. First to provide reliable mobile repair/ recovery service in the country. 6. 4 Positioning To attain a distinctive position in the customer’s mind we will give adequate emphasis on our unique selling proposition. We will create an image of the company by promoting the idea â€Å"SafeJourney–for people who cares about time and safety†. 6. 4. 1 Positioning strategy For attaining the desired positioning in customer's mind we will adopt the double benefit strategy. We will claim two benefit in this regard: The fastest. The safest 7. 0 MARKETING PROGRAM 7. 1 Service Strategy 7. 1. 1 Type of Service This is a utility service for providing mobile mechanical/ technical support to the vehicles facing problems in highways.This will ensure a quick and easy service which will allow the travelers to reach to their destination safely without wasting the time. 7. 1. 2. Features of service The service will be provided both in membership and non membership basis and have the following features to provide: Repair and Recovery a. The first effort will be given to reach to the spot with mobile workshop by half an hour of receiving any call. b. The main effort will be in repairing the vehicle on spot as quickly as possible. c. Relatively difficult cases will be handled by the static service point d. In case of major difficulties the option will be given to deliver the vehicle to the desired destination after necessary repair works. Emergency Service a.Providing first aid to the accident injuries. b. Evacuating the serious cases to the nearest hospital/ clinic. c. In case of criminal act, providing support by informing highway Patrol Police. d. To provide transportation service to anyone on payment only in emergency cases. Communication service a. The company will establish an internal communication system for its operation. b. The company will rende r this facility to be used by the transport companies on the basis of payment. 7. 1. 3 Brand Name The brand name of the service is given ‘SafeJourney. ’ This is done to create a favorable brand image and brand familiarity by adding the safety as a sensitive issue.All necessary exposure and promotion activities will be done to uphold the different attributes, benefits and values related to the brand. 7. 1. 4 Special / After Service offer To create favorable positive response to the mind of customers the following special offerings will be kept: ? The provision will be kept to provide free windshield wash for the vehicle where applicable. ? Once given service by any mobile workshop the free service guarantee will be given if any problem faced for same reason in that journey. ? For dealing with the emergency situation, the service will be rendered 24 hours. 7. 1. 5 Sources of Spare parts Contacts will be made with the authorized dealer of various motor parts to keep the su pply of spare parts available.The amount of the various spares parts inventory will be decided basing on the requirement. 7. 2 Price Strategy 7. 2. 1 List Price Transparency in transaction is considered as one of the most important issues of our business policy. To maintain the trustworthiness and transparency, list price of all types of service will be kept/ hanged with the mobile service team and other service centre. The list price will be also published in the advertisement in print media. A minimum fixed charge of Tk. 250 will be charged for every vehicle calling for service. Other charges will vary basing on the intensity of the job. A model of list price is shown as under: PRICE LIST SERIAL NO |SERVICE DESCRIPTION |PRICE | | | |(In Taka) | |01 |Call charge |250 | |02 |Membership Subscription |5000 | |03 |Servicing |250 | |04 |Oil change |100 | |05 |Air Lock Clearance |250 | |06 |Fuel line Clearance |250 | |07 |Tappet Clearance |800 |08 |Cylinder Head Leakage Repair |100 0 | |09 |Timing |2000 | |10 |Spark Plug Change |600 | |11 |Self Starter |500 | |12 |Fuse Box |100 | |13 |Carburetor Cleaning |200 | |14 |Gear Box Repair |500 | |15 |AC pump Repair |300 | |16 |Break Repair |500 | |17 |Steering Gear Repair |500 | |18 |Electric Circuit |250 | |19 |Lighting |250 | |20 |Spare parts |As per mkt price | 7. 2. 2 Discount To Increase the membership number and attract the customers a 65% discount will be given to the members of safeJourney. 7. 2. 3 System of payment The Payment system will be on the basis of cash payment before delivery. However, the payment may be made at any zonal / area offices also. 7. 2. 4 Different Price strategy. We plan to adopt different price strategies in different situation. ? At Launching Stage.As this is a new service in this country, our company being first to enter in this business will have a pioneer advantage. And as we will not have any brand competitor at this stage so we will adopt cost plus policy at this stage. Th e assumption led us to follow this policy is the substitute awareness effect which tells that customers are less price sensitive when they are less aware of substitutes. ? At Brand competitive Stage. In Brand competitive stage it is likely that new entrants will also come in this business. If we face challenges by the new entrants in terms of price strategy, we will face this by adding new values and better quality through more promotional activities.As the new entrants are likely to face huge amount of initial investment expenditure, it is likely to be difficult for the competitors to snatch our significant market share. Again a substantial amount of revenue in the business will come through the membership subscription which is given yearly. So due to involvement of high switch over cost customers are less likely to switch over to new competitors. ‘The difficult comparison effect’ of price sensitivity also supports our strategy as it speaks — customers are less price sensitive when they cannot easily compare the quality of substitutes. However in this stage we may have to go for the price cut strategy basing on the market condition. 7. 2. 5.Pricing Method Basing on the market survey and the result of our hypothesis we have used a combination of both perceived value pricing and going rate pricing method to select our price. 7. 3 Promotion Strategies Promotion is considered as one of the greatest market winning factor to increase the sales of own product/ service. It consists of different promotion mix i. e. advertisement, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, Direct Selling and Public Relation (PR) . The promotion activities also varies basing on the product/Service life cycle through which a product/ service comes from introductory stage to growth, maturity and at last at declining stage.So our promotional activity will also vary in response to different life cycle of our service in following ways: 7. 3. 1 Introductory Stage In this stage our main strategy will be to create the customer awareness about the brand name of our service. Since the service involves the complex buying behavior, the main emphasis will be given to the print media. The promotional activities include: Regular advertisement in daily newspaper and magazines. Using Billboard in the entrance and exit of the petrol pump. Using Billboard in highways with repeated intervals. In TV and radio highlighting our USP during the commercial slot. ? Providing attractive and colorful posters, calendars etc to the car sales centre. 7. 3. 2 Growth StageAt this stage the strategy will be to create brand familiarity to keep the present customers satisfied and to attract the new customers. This will be done as follows: ? Differentiation advertisements in both print media and loud media frequently. ? Create value chain for the existing members by sending small gifts like calendars, cards etc containing the brand symbol Arranging different types of PR programs. 7. 3. 3Ma turity Stage At this stage the strategy will be to keep the people conscious about our product by various remainder advertisement and other programs It includes: Remainder advertisement in both print media and loud media. ? To increase brand preferences providing advertisement with celebrities. Arranging various PR Programs.Sponsoring different games/ sports cultural programs etc. 7. 3. 4 Decline stage Starting from the maturity stage onward, the amount of our market share is likely to decrease. At decline stage it will tend to reduce more. But the human psychology about time and safety will always exist. The market is also likely to expand. Even though, the company may face difficulties due to more number of competitors. To overcome the problem, the following strategy will be adopted: Providing new features to the customers by making differentiation. Giving reminder advertisement both in print and loud media Arranging PR programs using satisfied customers etc. 7. Placement (Distrib ution strategy) The Placement strategy is very important to ensure that the company’s product/ service are passed through the right channel to achieve the objective of the company. 7. 4. 1 Places to Serve Initially the service will be started only in three important routes. These routes are: Dhaka – Chittagong highways. Dhaka – Jessore – Khulna highways Dhaka – Bogra- Rajshahi highways Subsequently basing on the feedback and market condition the number of routes will be increased. 7. 4. 2 Channel Strategies The channel of our service will be direct. ? Head office -Zonal service centre – Static Point- Mobile service workshop We will also increase the number of zonal offices/ service centre to most of the district towns. ? We will also acquire the local agency to act as the local representatives in zonal offices. ? The detail distribution channel is illustrated in Appendix E. 8. 0 FINANCIAL DATA AND PROJECTIONS | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |8. Initial Investment | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Fixed Expenditure | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Item | | | Tk in Lacs | | | | | |Construction/Office | | |7 | | | | | |Office Furniture | |7 | | | | | |Vehicle Procurement | |223. 4 | | | | | |Tel/Mobile | | |9. 4 | | | | | |Tools and Equip | |25 | | | | | |Promotion | | |10 | | | | | |Training | | |3 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Total | | |284. 54 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 8. 2 Yearly Expenditure | | | |Tk in Lacs | | |Salary | | |85. 3 |Details Shown in Appendix F | |Tel Bills | | |9. 48 | | |Fuel | | |35 | | |Rent-Office/Outlets | | |81. 4 | | |Promotion | | |12 | | |Electricity/Gas/Water |5. 64 | | |Miscellaneous | | |6. 4 | | | | | | | | |Total | | |235. 69 | | | | | | | | 8. 3 Projected Yearly Return in 5 Years From providing highway Service | | | | |Yearly |In 5 Years | |Per Day 30 Cases X 3 Routes X 500 X 365 |164. 25 |821. 25 | | | | | Tk in Lacs From Membership Charges Year | | |Tk in Lacs | |Year 1 |1000 |5000 |50 | |Year2 |2000 |5000 |100 | |Year 3 |3000 |5000 |150 | |Year 4 |3500 |5000 |175 | |Year 5 |3500 |5000 |175 | | | | | | |Total income in 5 Years 650 | 8. 4 Calculation of Payback Period | | |Taka In Lacs | | | | | | | | | |Year |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 | | | | | | | | | |Opening Bal |-284. 54 |-305. 98 |-277. 42 |-198. 86 |-95. 3 | | |Cash out flow |-235. 69 |-235. 69 |-235. 69 |-235. 69 |-235. 69 |-235. 69 | |Cash in flow |214. 25 |264. 25 |314. 25 |339. 25 |339. 25 |339. 25 | |End Bal |-305. 98 |-277. 42 |-198. 86 |-95. 3 |8. 5 |103. 56 | | | | | | | | | | |Fraction of years=330. 99/339. 25=. 975 Years. | | | | | | | |Total Pay back Period =4+. 975=4. 975 Years. | | 8. 5 Projected Profit |Expected profit in year 5 = Tk 8. 25 Lac | |Expected profit from year 6 onwards = Tk. 103. 56 Lac | 9. 0 IMPLEMENTATION PLANImplementation is the key success factor for any business. The business planning may be the best but if implementation plan is wrong the business will fail to achieve its objectives. To achieve our business objectives we plan our business in the following way: 9. 1 Services Strategy Safejourney will provide services to the customers as and when they call. Someone may get services if they come directly to the static points. Our efforts will be to establish strong communication network to reach our customers using existing T & T facilities and mobile networks. We will also have our own communication network to ease our customers to reach us at anytime.Practice of mobile patrol on the highways to find out and meet any eventualities will also be there. Besides repair, we also plan to provide some additional services in following ways: (1) For ensuring smooth first aid service, our employees will be specially trained on first aid. (2) Delivering the vehicle at desired place after repair will be accomplished with the necessary co-ordination with zonal offices. (3) Evacuation to accident injuries will be provided by mainta ining a good will and liaison with the local hospital and clinics. (4) On establishing our own communication facilities it may be rented to the transport agencies. 9. 2 Price StrategyAs it was stated earlier, services will be provided on the basis of payment and we will have separate price strategy for our members and non-member customers. On accomplishment of any service, the senior mechanics will calculate the price basing on the minimum call charge, price of spare parts, membership discount rate and services as per price table and make the bill to the customer. Customer may pay the bill in cash on the spot or any of our offices/outlets. In the later case, the vehicle will be delivered only after the confirmation of the payment of the due bill. To deal with the competitors in the competitive stage, SafeJourney may also change the service charge or membership subscription as the situation demands but the quality will not be compromised in any case. 9. 3 Promotion Strategy:To implem ent our business strategy we will go for rapid skimming. For this we will spend an amount of Tk 1,000,000 as we launch the service. In addition to it an amount of Tk 12, 00,000 will be spent on promotional activities per year. In this regard maximum emphasis will be given to print media and using the billboard. We plan to provide advertisement on web sites also. 9. 4 Distribution Safejourney is taking all out efforts to establish a smooth, secure and effective distribution channels. Members will be enrolled either by the zonal offices directly or through local agents and few selected petrol pumps. The selected petrol pumps will be considered as exclusive distribution means. 10. 0 ORGANISATIONThe Head office of Safejourney will be established in Dhaka. The whole organisation is headed by Managing Director (MD). The MD will look after the overall planning, organizing, leading and controlling aspects of Safejourney. There are total six departments in head office, which are as follows: †¢ Operations and Planning †¢ Technical Support †¢ Administration and Medical †¢ Management Information System †¢ Accounts and †¢ Human Resource Management Under the department of operation and planning there will be one control station on for 24 hours. The three Divisional managers are responsible to control the three routes under the supervision of Operation department.Dhaka – Chittagong route looked after by Divisional Manager –1 (Chittagong) Dhaka – Bogra-Rajshahi route looked after by Divisional Manager –2 (Bogra) Dhaka – Jessore-Khulna route looked after by Divisional Manager –3 (Jessore) Under each Division there are three zonal offices and under the zonal offices there are three static points each. Each static point is equipped with at least two Highway Mobile Patrols. 11. 0 EVALUATION AND CONTROL To learn how well the company is running, we must evaluate the present strategy. Accordingly management will be taking decision on what should be done. For that we will evaluate our performance by finding the information of following aspects: 1] Is the competitive approach of the company is correct? [2] Could we differentiate our services from our rivals? [3] Could we provide our services at a broad spectrum or to a niche? [4] Is the geographic coverage of our services correct? [5] Are the functional activities of the company correct? [6] Could we make expected return/ cash flow? [7] What is the company’s image and reputation with the customers and competitors? [8] Could we make continuous improvement of our performance? We will also carry out evaluation of information continuously. This will help us to take timely decisions. We plan to carry out analysis of information on the following manner: 1] Daily earnings and expenses report. [2] Total number of customers per day. 12. 0 CONCLUSION Continuous improvement and development of new offerings is an essential part for any business s uccess in the present world. Everyday people in the business world seek for new opportunity and spending millions in this purpose. The overall paper is developed highlighting all the detail that is required to do a successful marketing of a new offerings. The alternatives are highlighted and the provisions are kept open to carry out the necessary adjustments as the market dictates. Proper implementation of the plan can make the service-SafeJourney a successful one.

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The True Ideology of the American Revolution essays With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Americans went from colonial subordination to well-earned independence from England, but with that came the responsibility to foster a country based upon an ideology that had never before been done. The years following the Revolutionary War would be the true test of whether Americas republican experiment could succeed. The end of the War marked a victory for the Articles of Confederation-the government under which the Americans had defeated the British, who was the dominant world power at the time. So the leaders of the country embarked upon their journey into this new era with great faith and contentment in the guidance and liberty the Articles offered. However, when, by 1786, the Articles of Confederation failed to provide an appropriate environment for America to flourish, a belief spread among members of Congress and political leaders that something must be done about its inadequacies; a new government must be formed. This marked t he beginning of a political struggle between the creators of the Constitution, the federalists, and the defenders of the Articles, the anti-federalists. The Republican Ideology under which America was to be formed held a staunch rejection of hierarchal authority, monarchy and national government; a belief that the government should be representative of the viewpoints of the people; and, most importantly, a deep faith in public virtue. The republican belief recognized that, ...too much liberty could degenerate into political chaos, (Nash, 218). The ideology was not about pushing for democracy, but rather creating a balance of powers within the government. This is why the majority of objectives in Constitution did not betray the American Revolution, but instead created a government under which Revolutionary ideas could exist while still promoting order. Although the framers disparaged beliefs in public virtue and removed some authority fr...

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Ayatollah Khomeni essays What Were The Significant Influences of Religion Upon Ayatollah Khomeinis Leadership Style? Ayatollah Khomeini was born in 1902. After his initial religious training he taught in the major Shi'i theological school at Qom, but was exiled for his opposition to the government of the Shah, Reza Khan. Living in Paris after 1978 he orchestrated the Islamic Revolution of 1979 in Iran. He became both the political and religious leader of the country throughout the protracted Iran-Iraq war, until he died in 1989. Ruhollah Khomeini can be portrayed as one of the most seminal and enigmatic characters of the twentieth century. In no small way has his influence touched our lives, even, or perhaps especially, here in the detached atmosphere of a western first world country, and herein lies the dilemma: Khomeini represents a type of politico-spiritual leader virtually unheard of in the West save the token titles of ruling monarchs in Victorian England. This, combined with the different social implications of Islam compared to Christianity leaves a wide gap in our perceptions, and therefore our ability, to produce an objective analysis. There are many factors to be considered when evaluating the leadership of an individual, and these will vary significantly in effect from leader to leader, but with one proviso there will always be a single unifying purpose. It is this purpose that drives the individual to greatness, or alternatively, excess, and in Khomeini this manifested itself in the form of religious fanaticism. Religion in the Islamic world governs every facet imaginable of society, from law to education to social customs, and the clerics hold great sway over public opinion. This essay will attempt to address the implications of this religious control when utilised by a charismatic, single-minded individual, and how a sufficiently eloquent orator can twist the emotions of the populace. Now, in the light of recent tra...

Summery of chapter 11,12 and 13 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summery of chapter 11,12 and 13 - Essay Example This theory discusses philosophical ideologies of empiricism, rationalism and epistemology. The three ideologies combine to present the world view in terms of logic from a mathematical and observational point of view. The other theory discussed in the chapters is analytic philosophy. In the wider sense, the chapters portray this theory as an umbrella of the contemporary philosophical theories that is characterized by formal logical argument that analyses language, symbolism and the natural sciences which it presents as the most important things to understand the world (Kline, Hollinger and Klemke, 125). The arguments presented in the chapters are not so clear and precise and may therefore lead to misunderstanding of the theories. Analytic philosophy theory for example is not presented in a logical manner that may lead to deductions and arguments being made from it. The other theories not mentioned above have also not been well argued and explained and therefore end up confusing the reader. They are short and not that precise. The chapters therefore require more clarification, elaboration and well framed argument that are reader

Marketing strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing strategies - Essay Example For marketing strategies to be effectively implemented there must be marketing objectives. These objectives shape the perception and approach to the market. The objectives are generated in regards to the requirements and goals set by the management team. Kotler & Armstrong points out that marketing objectives are set as goals that an organization tends to achieve in terms of acquiring a greater competitive advantage over other organizations (65). Marketing objectives are also used as measurement tools of the effectiveness of the strategies applied in the market. If a marketing strategy satisfies all the requirements stipulated in the objectives, it is allowed a greater lifeline in an organization. Additionally, marketing objectives dictate the mode in which promotional activities will be integrated. Promotional activities are activities that are used in the marketing of an organization’s goods and services. In referring to the definition by Kotler & Armstrong promotional activ ities are forms and ways of marketing implemented by organizations (112). Promotional activities include personal selling, exhibitions, media marketing, corporate image, public relations and sales promotion. Depending on the organizational culture and marketing objectives, an organization selects the forms of promotional activities to be implemented in the organizational system. ... In such an organization, the first objective would be to create a corporate image for the facility. This can be done by providing special services and offers upon interest on the facility. The organization may also a marketing objective of reaching out to corporate bodies. To realize this objective the most proper promotional activity to be implemented would be personal selling. By personal selling the relationship between the interested parties and the organization is more personalized (Kotler & Armstrong 89). In a sporting facility a good public relation with the communities is a compulsory objective. In this case, the organization may opt to implement Corporate Social responsibility as a promotional activity and tool. This entails organizing communal activities and funding community projects (Kotler & Armstrong 64). From the analysis one could easily argue that the objectives set by an organization in terms of acquiring a greater market support significantly dictates the type of t he promotional activities used by an organization. The integration of promotional activities is done by an analysis of the opportunities that the market presents to an organization. For instance, if an organization aims to capture the attention of a specific market population for example the young people: the advertising promotional activity would be integrated in a way that social sites and trendy magazines are effectively exhausted (Kotler & Armstrong 77). What is the importance of the three extra elements of the service mix to you as the customer? According to Kotler & Armstrong it is human nature for a consumer to be selective in the way they chose to relate to an organization (154). This relationship is a great determinant of the consumer’s allegiance to an

Why people bet online or prefer betting in stores Research Proposal

Why people bet online or prefer betting in stores - Research Proposal Example This is according to Luntz (2006). For starters, an individual can gamble within several sites. It is imperative to note that those sites offer massive rewards and bonuses. The bonuses come when the betting sites agree to reward new customers who have just registered to their sites. At the same time, the betting sites may agree to reward their old and loyal customers (Luntz 2006, 467). By this, they will be making the customers committed to what they do. Betting rewards also come in the form of clients being allowed to offer free bets on some occasions. In addition, the customers may be offered general bonuses. According to Petry (2004), we should not ignore the fact that people practice online sports betting because they find it somewhat safe. This fact may be debatable especially because there are a number of sites that claim to provide opportunities for betting, while their main intention is to fraud the public at large. Nevertheless, most of the betting sites in the UK are under the management of well-known companies with an irrefutable reputation like William Hill, Gala Coral, Bet365, Sky Betting and Gaming and 32Red among others (Petry 2004, 661). This makes online sports betting to be safe. Another reason as to why people indulge in online sports betting is the fact that it is comfortable.This is according to Kelly (2011). The ease is because for one to participate in online sports betting, then they need to be computer literate and have data access. The two requirements will enable any interested party to register on any online sports’ betting site and take part in betting. The ease is also demonstrated by the fact that the customers can... Considering how rapidly the betting industry has been growing, then I may be forgiven if I said that betting might just be as old as the society. The UK opened its doors to betting back in 1961 and since then the industry has never looked back. The betting shops have been rising in the number and so does the number of those who practice betting. Originally, people used to bet by visiting the betting shops. Supplementary to that, some people employed the services of a telephone credit betting. Due to the advancement in technology, however, some people started opting for online betting. And indeed online betting has not disappointed. The organizztion of the literature review is such that it first deals with why people carry out online sports betting followed by the reasons why people bet in stores. It is beyond doubt that betting is slowly spreading its wings into our society. It does not consider age given that children as little as 12 years old have attested to be involved in betting at one point. Similarly, even the older population takes part in betting because statistics reveal that those aged above sixty also take part in betting. In like manner, betting knows no gender because both males and females take part in it (Abott 2009, 412). We may not be able to predict the rate at which betting is advancing in the society. One fact for sure is that, whichever form of betting one involves in, be it online sports betting or visiting the betting stores, betting is gaining ground. In addition, we ought to appreciate the findings and works of the various authours reviewed above. This is because they have managed to bring us upto speed with an area of our life we almost forgot.

Eroding Local Control & The Influence and Climate of the Courts - 8 Essay

Eroding Local Control & The Influence and Climate of the Courts - 8 - Essay Example In a state where white flight is particularly prevalent, such as Texas, this disparity can cause massive difference in the amount of money spent, per pupil, in different educational districts, if each county is divided into many districts. Wealthier areas will thus provide more money per pupil, because the average property value per pupil will be higher, than other districts where those values are lower. This can create massive disparities in the facilities available – children of wealthy districts will get excellent gyms, music programs, laboratories and so on while children in less fortunate areas will get few if any of those things. Reducing the total number of districts in a state can correct for this problem by pooling money from wealthy and less wealthy areas together, reducing the disparity between money spent per pupil. Wealthier areas will still have advantages in terms of outside fundraising, but this can be diminished if districts are larger and more diverse. 2. The case in this Tennessee county is one of optimal size and scaling of costs. There are some costs that cost progressively more as the size of something increases (for instance, the larger the diamond the rarer it is, so a diamond that is twice the size of another one will often cost four times as much), while other costs go down (for instance buying products in bulk can reduce prices). As payroll is one of the most strenuous costs of school districts (Brimley et. al., 2008), the situation described here has some financial pitfalls, because some levels of administration will be repeated. For instance, the curriculum needs of each individual school district is probably very similar – it would be difficult to believe that students in one section of a Tennessee county need to learn different things from those in another, so that level of administration could be combined easily at significant savings. Furthermore, the upper echelons of administration would also not need to be

The kite runner Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The kite runner - Assignment Example Courage is portrayed by characters when they are confronted by an ugly situation and when he points his slingshot at Assef. Hassan is the only person who portrayed bravery the most. He stood up to the Taliban even when he knew he was risking his life. Sohrab`s character shapes itself by the fact that both his paternities died, and he was taken to an orphanage, and eventually, moved to an Assef`s compound. The Taliban rule shapes his experience, and his vulnerability is due to his race. According to Farid and Assef homeland is home, and Watan is where they went to, America. Amir and Sohrab`s opinion of Homeland differ because they grew up there after leaving Afghanistan. Watan to them is a place where there are problems. Kite fighting and kite running are symbolic; the string shows the dichotomy between beauty and violence. Kites also represent fate and prophecy. Kites thematically represent the interrelationship between redemption and betrayal. Kite fights represent the violence in the story between the events and characters. The balance is struck through betrayal then redemption just as the kite balances. To be an American means that there is freedom from culture and the morals from their homeland. The opinion that brought across by most of the characters is that America is a refuge. A place where culture does not affect the occupants and as Baba sees it to his death. He considers himself a guest. To be a father in the novel is great depending on the sired child. Amir`s father is very proud of him from the very start because of his courage. Fatherhood measure depends on the accomplishments of the children. Baba considered his fatherhood to be a failure because he got a son whom he did not want to acknowledge. Monkey sees monkey do can be referred to when Amir was courting Soraya in America. Even though, there is freedom there, he still follows the customs where he came from, therefore, not even being allowed to see Soraya, even though, he

Native American Spiritual Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Native American Spiritual Artwork - Essay Example Similarly, the beautifully art-worked moccasin foot ware of Cherokee tribe are also seen as something sacred and this is evident when in a poem, the Native American man sings, â€Å"I put them on. I walked sacred on the land† (Williams et al., 31). On the performance side also, it can be seen that Native American dance is not simply an art form or a mode of entertainment but is deeply embedded with spiritualism (Sun Dance). Dance even becomes a form of prayer for these tribes (Sun Dance). In this way, â€Å"American art provides a mean for people to connect to the sacred† (Zimmerman, 94). It is observed that â€Å"animism† is the prevalent common theme of all Native American art (Dagan). The spiritual meaning of animism is a belief that â€Å"all things (in this world) are in unity† with each other (Dagan). Animism is also considered as the â€Å"oldest spiritual perspective in the world† (Dagan). The visualization of animism in Native Indian art ca n be seen as â€Å"spirals or zigzag lines† in paintings and carvings (Dagan). An interesting aspect of Native American art is that a spiritual experience is what ends up as an art work for a tribesman (Zimmerman, 94). Zimmerman has given an example for this when he said, â€Å"a dream might reveal to the artist a design for a warrior’s shield or part of a dancer’s regalia† (94).... It was a spiritual retreat in which a large number of participants would fast, pray and dance for a period of days. They asked for answers to events going on in their lives† (Sun Dance). Half-man-half –beast images are also part of this spiritual philosophy (Dagan). It is these spiritual creatures that are supposed to guide the shaman through the path between the two worlds (Dagan). The same figures can be seen in the paintings, carvings and performance arts of Native Americans (Dagan). While exploring Native American performance art, it has to be kept in mind that â€Å"Native American dance is meant to channel spiritual energies or reanimate ancient stories that can be caused to re-appear in the world today† (Dagan). A magical web, the dream catcher, is yet another figure that appears in many forms of Native American art (Dagan). Also, the wolf being a sacred animal for Native Americans, it has gained a place in Indian art as well (Dagan). Apart from these commo n themes, there are different concepts of art and spirituality prevalent among different Indian tribes. For example, many â€Å"clan crests, songs, stories, (and) regalia (hats, blankets, tunics etc.) and clan houses† are considered ‘at.o?ow’ by Tlingit clan thereby wiping out the difference between what is art and what is mundane (Willaims et al., 139). The borders of physical and spiritual worlds thus overlap. An at.o?ow is a clan property that has social and spiritual importance (Williams et al., 139). From this example, it can be seen that traditional artworks as well as art forms like songs and stories have a spiritual role in Native American culture. Similarly, in the Pueblo community, the embroidery done by traditional weavers

Eroding Local Control & The Influence and Climate of the Courts - 8 Essay

Eroding Local Control & The Influence and Climate of the Courts - 8 - Essay Example In a state where white flight is particularly prevalent, such as Texas, this disparity can cause massive difference in the amount of money spent, per pupil, in different educational districts, if each county is divided into many districts. Wealthier areas will thus provide more money per pupil, because the average property value per pupil will be higher, than other districts where those values are lower. This can create massive disparities in the facilities available – children of wealthy districts will get excellent gyms, music programs, laboratories and so on while children in less fortunate areas will get few if any of those things. Reducing the total number of districts in a state can correct for this problem by pooling money from wealthy and less wealthy areas together, reducing the disparity between money spent per pupil. Wealthier areas will still have advantages in terms of outside fundraising, but this can be diminished if districts are larger and more diverse. 2. The case in this Tennessee county is one of optimal size and scaling of costs. There are some costs that cost progressively more as the size of something increases (for instance, the larger the diamond the rarer it is, so a diamond that is twice the size of another one will often cost four times as much), while other costs go down (for instance buying products in bulk can reduce prices). As payroll is one of the most strenuous costs of school districts (Brimley et. al., 2008), the situation described here has some financial pitfalls, because some levels of administration will be repeated. For instance, the curriculum needs of each individual school district is probably very similar – it would be difficult to believe that students in one section of a Tennessee county need to learn different things from those in another, so that level of administration could be combined easily at significant savings. Furthermore, the upper echelons of administration would also not need to be

Native American Spiritual Artwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Native American Spiritual Artwork - Essay Example Similarly, the beautifully art-worked moccasin foot ware of Cherokee tribe are also seen as something sacred and this is evident when in a poem, the Native American man sings, â€Å"I put them on. I walked sacred on the land† (Williams et al., 31). On the performance side also, it can be seen that Native American dance is not simply an art form or a mode of entertainment but is deeply embedded with spiritualism (Sun Dance). Dance even becomes a form of prayer for these tribes (Sun Dance). In this way, â€Å"American art provides a mean for people to connect to the sacred† (Zimmerman, 94). It is observed that â€Å"animism† is the prevalent common theme of all Native American art (Dagan). The spiritual meaning of animism is a belief that â€Å"all things (in this world) are in unity† with each other (Dagan). Animism is also considered as the â€Å"oldest spiritual perspective in the world† (Dagan). The visualization of animism in Native Indian art ca n be seen as â€Å"spirals or zigzag lines† in paintings and carvings (Dagan). An interesting aspect of Native American art is that a spiritual experience is what ends up as an art work for a tribesman (Zimmerman, 94). Zimmerman has given an example for this when he said, â€Å"a dream might reveal to the artist a design for a warrior’s shield or part of a dancer’s regalia† (94).... It was a spiritual retreat in which a large number of participants would fast, pray and dance for a period of days. They asked for answers to events going on in their lives† (Sun Dance). Half-man-half –beast images are also part of this spiritual philosophy (Dagan). It is these spiritual creatures that are supposed to guide the shaman through the path between the two worlds (Dagan). The same figures can be seen in the paintings, carvings and performance arts of Native Americans (Dagan). While exploring Native American performance art, it has to be kept in mind that â€Å"Native American dance is meant to channel spiritual energies or reanimate ancient stories that can be caused to re-appear in the world today† (Dagan). A magical web, the dream catcher, is yet another figure that appears in many forms of Native American art (Dagan). Also, the wolf being a sacred animal for Native Americans, it has gained a place in Indian art as well (Dagan). Apart from these commo n themes, there are different concepts of art and spirituality prevalent among different Indian tribes. For example, many â€Å"clan crests, songs, stories, (and) regalia (hats, blankets, tunics etc.) and clan houses† are considered ‘at.o?ow’ by Tlingit clan thereby wiping out the difference between what is art and what is mundane (Willaims et al., 139). The borders of physical and spiritual worlds thus overlap. An at.o?ow is a clan property that has social and spiritual importance (Williams et al., 139). From this example, it can be seen that traditional artworks as well as art forms like songs and stories have a spiritual role in Native American culture. Similarly, in the Pueblo community, the embroidery done by traditional weavers

CCOT Essay Europe America Africa Essay Example for Free

CCOT Essay Europe America Africa Essay The Renaissance in Western Europe marked the end of the Middle Ages and the start of Europe’s rise as a global power. The various States in Western Europe became more centralized, and monarchs exercised more control over their subjects. Christopher Columbus’s voyage to America and his return truly began the new age of exploration for Europe. This New World discovery greatly altered the lives of Native Americans, forcing them to live with colonists and people they had never been in contact with. Meanwhile, Prince Henry’s expeditions opened up new opportunities for trade in Africa. Through the period of 1492-1750, many things changed but parts of life stayed the same such as the European domination and the presence of trade in Africa. New contacts among Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas, however, led to interaction that has evolved greatly over the span of time. The new contacts and increased trade directly cause the rise in power in the Middle-Class in Europe. Throughout the feudal period, the control of the power and wealth was in the hands of the Nobles. As trade with Africa and the Americas increased, however, a new merchant class rose. As the new class became wealthier, they began to agitate for political power, sparking large battle like the 1789 French Revolution. The social changes in the Americas were unprecedented. The diseases brought over that the Europeans were so used to like measles and smallpox decimated the Native Americans because they had no previous contact with those illnesses. One example of this is when disease infested blankets were gifted to the Aztecs by Hernan Cortez during his quest to conquer them. These tactics were then later used to take down the Incas. Native Americans were suppressed into being slaves and or servants to the Europeans. A similar trend occurred in North America. Unlike the Aztecs or Incas, North American natives were decentralized, and loosely organized by tribes. Columbus’s initial subjugation of the Haitians, forcing them to mine gold, set a precedent for future domination. Africa was greatly affected by the slave trade. Large, constant amounts of labor were needed on the Spanish and Portuguese sugarcane plantations, and Native American populations were often unable or unwilling to work as slaves. Especially after Bartolome de las Casas’s campaign against the enslavement of Native Americans, the Europeans were desperate another source of cheap labor. Because of this, the Atlantic slave trade began, beginning a long and cruel period of time where as many as 12 million slaves for transported from Africa to the Americas. This mass slave trade had both positive and negative effects on African society. Although slavery was cruel and abusive, the money some empires acquired from working with the Europeans enabled them to create stronger relations and improve overall. Despite the massive change taking place, there were various aspects of life that stayed the same. In Western Europe, the large gap between the rich and the poor was still present; even though a stronger and more powerful middle class had developed, the power was still in the hands of an elite tier of people. Literally every West Europe country was controlled by a monarchy, with barely any representation. In Britain for example, only 2% of the population could vote due to restrictions and laws. In the Americas, many tribes were still able to keep their traditional way of life. Usually, tribes unsettled by the British settlers in North America migrated westward, and since the French had yet to take control of the Louisiana Territory, they were free to continue with their traditional methods. Africa was still almost completely free. It wasn’t until the 1880’s that Africa started to become majorly colonized. Though they were less powerful than the Western Europeans, the African nations remained independent and were directly reliant on trade In conclusion; the interaction between Western Europe, Africa, and the Americas resulted in both change and continuity. A major trend that is irreversible was the newfound connection between regions. Columbus joined the New World with Europe, creating a strong relationship that still stands today. Therefore, interaction between 1492 and 1750 set a precedent for future actions.