Margaret Atwood Essay

I came across the quote â€Å"Context is all; or is it ripeness? One or the other†[1] when reading Margaret Atwood’s novel â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† for English. I didn’t give it much attention, because since I was 12, I had come to the conclusion that there was no such thing as a â€Å"fact† and every thought depended on other factors for it to be true. However in this essay I’m going to see if my original assumption was true or if there is a way to reach a truth through different branches of knowledge. I’m going to take the definition of â€Å"truth† from the dictionary, solely to have a base for which to compare the rest of the essay to; â€Å"A verified or indisputable fact, proposition, principle†[2].Which means that that there are facts that are backed by evidence, such as; it is 14:24 (at the time of writing). However in this case we can apply Atwood’s ‘context is all’, and change it to â€Å"context is location†, as this scenario isn’t necessarily true, seeing that in Sydney the time is 22:25, therefore the truth can be considered relative. Relativism is a doctrine where there is no absolute truth; that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture[3]. Which brings up a paradox as if someone were to say â€Å"context is irrelevant† meaning the truth would remain a truth in every situation, it would contradict themselves, as that statement would be relative depending on the context. Francis Bacon’s Empiricism or otherwise known perception, is the process of arriving at the truth through sense experience.[4] People use their five senses to arrive at a truth, however depending on the context, the exact same senses can make that truth false. An example that happens to me frequently is; when I look at a shirt, to me it looks black, but then when I put it under a stronger light and look at it carefully it often turns out to be dark blue. It doesn’t mean the senses are â€Å"faulty† or can’t be trusted, but the observation; truth, arrived from the use of perception, isn’t congruent when the context is changed. Another very bizarre example that happened to me last year when I bought my new phone; is before purchasing it, I didn’t know of anybody that had one, but as soon as I had it in my pocket I started realising that a lot of people around me had it as well. Language is the use of characters, symbols, images and sounds as a means of communicating a message.[5] We assume that language is a truth, as we have a general consensus of the different characters, symbols, images and sounds in language. However once again the truth is challenged with the â€Å"context is all† axiom, where in certain cases the truth behind language doesn’t stand. My father told me the following example; when Vice-President Richard Nixon, at the end of the 1950’s was visiting Colombia, he used the commonly known â€Å"OK† hand sign, denoted with a circle formed by the thumb and the first finger, with the remaining three fingers outstretched, to which the Colombian people, thought they were being called assholes. Rene Descartes’ Rationalism is the use of reason, be it inductive or deductive to logically arrive at the truth.[6] Descartes used reason to arrive at his famous; ‘Cogito Ergo Sum’, I think therefore I am.[7] He was asking the question â€Å"How do I know I exist ?† and he deduced by no more than reason that it all boiled down to; I doubt that I exist, therefore I think, ergo I am.  When I first heard this deduction, it seemed to me that it was flawless. However I remember looking around the room I was in at the time; I realised that objects such as the chairs, tables and even trees to an extent, couldn’t deduce their existence like Descartes did, therefore according to his deduction they wouldn’t exist. Once again I came to the conclusion that context will undermine truth.

Ansar Burney

Ansar Burney born 14 August 1956 in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan is a leading Pakistani human rights and civil rights activist. He is a graduate of Masters and Law from Karachi University and honorary recipient of a PhD. in Philosophy. In 1980, Ansar Burney began the â€Å"Ansar Burney Welfare Trust†, â€Å"Prisoners Aid Society†, and â€Å"Bureau of Missing and Kidnapped Persons† in Karachi, Pakistan.Ansar Burney is accredited as being the first man to introduce the concept of human rights in Pakistan nearly 30 years ago. He and his organisation (the Ansar Burney Trust) are also accredited for securing the release of around 700,000 innocent prisoners from countries all around the world. One such famous case was that of Mr. Muhammad Akhtar, in which Akhtar's mother was raped before his birth in prison. After Akhtar's birth no one wanted to accept him and he spent 40 years in prison before his release.Because of his outstanding achievements in the field of human and c ivil rights, Ansar Burney was the first man to receive the Pakistani National Civil Award Sitara-i-Imtiaz on 23 March 2002. And due to his two decade long international campaign to end child slavery in the Middle East in the form of child camel jockeys, Ansar Burney was declared an ‘Anti-Human Trafficking Hero' in the 2005 Trafficking in Persons Report by the US State Department.On 16 November 2007, Ansar Burney was sworn in as Pakistan's caretaker Federal Minister for Human Rights. He will be the first man to head the newly established Human Rights ministry of Pakistan. On 27 March 2008, he was elected for a term of three years as one of the 18 members of the United Nations Human Rights Council Advisory Committee and due to â€Å"his recognized experience in the field of human rights and acknowledged competence and impartiality, Burney received wide support from all regional groups of the Council†. 6] In 2008 he was listed in a poll by The Financial Daily as a favorite personality. Ansar Burney also played an instrumental role in getting the crew of MV Suez free from the captivity of Somali pirates in 2011. Anti-corruption movement On Aug 22, 2011, Ansar Buney announced that following the Eid-ul-Fitr celebrations at the end of Ramadan, he would initiate an anti-corruption movement in Pakistan based on the popular movement of Anna Hazare in India. It takes grit, commitment and perseverance to be a man of integrity. To be uman and to act human, to be a person who is able to contribute his share for the cause of humanity and human dignity in letter and spirit, to be a kind soul who feels the pain and unbearably enough to lose control, to be able to help others without any need of worldly glory, to be a person like Ansar Burney. Everything in this universe is for others: the trees, the rivers and all other beauties of seasons and nature. The trees do not eat up their own fruit, the rivers do not drink their own water; and in the same way ‘selfl ess people’ like Ansar Burney live for others.Be it the grave issue of ‘underage child camel jockeys’, the ordeal of ‘Zafran Bibi’ who was involved in a case of rape and sentenced to death by stoning, Murder of Pakistanis in Macedonia — in the name of war against terror, human trafficking of young girls for prostitution, slavery or the illegal confinements at Guantanamo Bay; Ansar Burney has always stood as an icon of human rights. International Ambassador for Peace and Human Rights, Mr Ansar Burney, born on August 14th in Karachi, he is son of late Syed Mukhtar Ahmed Burney, and he was the first man to introduce true human rights in Pakistan a couple of decades ago.A graduate of Masters and Law from Karachi University and honorary recipient of a PhD in Philosophy from Sri Lanka, Mr Ansar Burney, Advocate started his noble mission in 1980 by setting up the â€Å"Ansar Burney Trust†, â€Å"Prisoners Aid Society† and â€Å"Bureau of Missing and Kidnapped Children/Persons† in Karachi, Pakistan. During his education he was a very prominent student leader, and as such, always raised his voice for justice, human dignity and civil rights.This landed him in a lot of trouble on several occasions with the military government of the time. In 1977, Ansar Burney, then aged 20, was arrested on charges of delivering speeches against martial law and favour of democracy and sentenced for 8 months rigorous imprisonment by the Martial Law Court. Upon release in 1978, the Martial Law Authorities once again arrested him and sent him to Karachi Prison for 2 more months’ detention. In 1979 he was again arrested for the third time and detained for a month.During these periods of detention in different Pakistani prisons, Mr Ansar Burney witnessed the miserable conditions of prisons and their prisoners. He met many people who were locked up for years and years without ever having committed a crime; forced into detentio n with false criminal charges. That was the time that he decided to help those in need and in 1980-81 after completing his law degree, Mr Ansar Burney, Advocate, started working on human rights issues such as to bring reforms in prisons and get the release of innocent and illegally confined prisoners.He also started working against slavery and against human trafficking. The Ansar Burney Trust International was set up as a non-governmental, non-political and non-profitable human and civil rights organisation. Its main objective was to struggle for the release of innocent persons who were kept in prisons or in mental asylums illegally or without any justification, and for justice, peace, anti-human trafficking and to create awareness against human trafficking and HIV.As a result of his continued and selfless efforts for the past so many years, Mr Ansar Burney has so far been able to secure release of more than 900,000 (Nine hundred thousand) innocent prisoners who were illegally impri soned in Pakistan and abroad; some released after as much as 50 to 55 years of illegal confinement. Some were even born in prisons and mental asylums where they grew up and lived as prisoners or patients for 35 to 40 long years of their lives; only released and rehabilitated with their families and society because of the hectic efforts of Mr Ansar Burney and the Ansar Burney Trust.Mr Ansar Burney also met AIDS affected prisoners and noticed homosexuality that was very common in prisons and Mental Assylums for that reason he also started creating awareness against HIV positive (AIDS). He started visiting prisons, Madrasas (Muslims Religious Schools) and prostitutes and started giving them education/lectures and also started working practically to create awareness and also providing them safety/protection against HIV. The Ansar Burney Trust also providing medical help to AIDS prisoners and HIV positive people in Pakistan.Mr Ansar Burney is also working against female circumcision in A frican, some Arab and Asian countries and raising his voice to create awareness against female circumcision as its a worst kind of human rights violation against female. The â€Å"Ansar Burney Trust† has also arranged release of around almost 20,000 (twenty thousand) persons from mental asylums and mental wards of prisons. These were not mental cases but were kept in these asylums in inhumane conditions by influential persons due to their own vested interests.Mr Burney has also been successful in tracing out around 300,000 (Three hundred thousand) children through his Bureau of Missing Persons who were safely delivered to their families. These include children who were set free from bounded labour camps, underage child camel jockeys and young girls who had been sold away or trafficked for prostitution. Once established, the Mr Ansar Burney Trust also started their struggle to fight against the inhumane and degrading treatment of women in Pakistan and abroad.With a purpose to bring those who abused women to justice, Ansar Burney has fought several cases for the cause of women’s rights and one of the success stories has been the closure of several women â€Å"mandis† (like animal markets for the sale of girls) in Pakistan. The Ansar Burney Trust’s continued efforts became fruitful when Ansar Burney once again succeeded in getting the release of thousands of slaved underage children from ‘Modern day Slavery’. These children were from the ages of 3 years to 10 years old only.These underage children as ‘Child Camel Jockeys’ were on slavery in the Middle Eastern countries almost 16 to 17 hours a day and were living in private prisons. During their slavery these underage children were getting just two biscuits a day as food so that they should not gain weight. After the release of these children Mr Ansar Burney sent them back to their respective countries for their rehabilitation. In 2005 The State Department of t he United States of America declared and awarded an award of ‘International Human Rights Hero’ to Mr Ansar Burney that was presented to Mr Ansar Burney by the Secretary of State.Ansar Burney Trust also able to get released trafficked young girls from prostitution in Middle Eastern and European countries. Mr Burney has also sent/taken humanitarian aid to different parts of Pakistan as well abroad. During the drought in Pakistan, Mr Burney personally visited several affected areas and supervised the humanitarian aid operation to the region by the ABT. Mr Ansar Burney stumbled upon the use of Hindu â€Å"Haris† (Bonded Labourers) as slaves in the interior Sindh Province of Pakistan.After some hectic efforts and persistence, the Trust was successful in freeing around 7,000 â€Å"Haris†; a 160 of who in danger of being attacked by their previous owners were taken in by the Trust and relocated to a more secure location. Currently, Mr Ansar Burney and the Ansar B urney Trust have been working round the clock to put a stop to the smuggling and trafficking of children and young girls and their use as camel jockeys and prostitution in the Middle East, to date, a 1100 children some as young as 3 years to 12 years of age have been released from camps in the UAE alone.In 1984, the Chief Martial Law Administrator of Pakistan, General Mohammad Ziaul Haque, twice offered Mr Burney the position of Federal Minister of Pakistan; an offer Mr Burney refused in order to stay impartial and unaffiliated and to continue his human rights work without any political reservations or activities. Since then he has on several occasions been offered ministerial and political positions but he has refused, re-emphasising the Trust’s nature as a truly independent and non-political organisation.However, he took charge as Federal Minister for Human Rights in the non-political interim set-up in 2007. On November 16, 2007, Ansar Burney was sworn in as Pakistani Feder al Minister for Human Rights — to head the newly established Human Rights Ministry of Pakistan, first such ministry in the history of Pakistan. He managed the Human Rights Ministry with a sense of duty and great passion. However, positive attention is not all Mr Burney has received. His work has resulted in the making of many enemies.He has been attacked several times and continually receives death threats. His name is on the â€Å"Terrorist Hit List† which was leaked into newspapers from Pakistani Intelligence Agencies. Ansar Burney Trust offices have been attacked and employees killed. Members of the Burney family have also been attacked and severely injured. Ambulances of the Trust have been fired upon, burnt and stoned by persons against whom Mr Burney has fought human rights cases. The attacks continue to this day.In relation to his human and civil rights work, Mr Ansar Burney, has attended hundreds of National and International conferences, groups and forums. In recognition of his great human and civil rights work, he has received well over 200 awards and medals from home as well as from abroad. On 23rd March 2002, he was conferred with Pakistan’s National Civil Award â€Å"Sitar-i-Imtiaz†, the first national award in the history of Pakistan in the field of human rights. Mr Ansar Burney was declared an ‘Anti-Human Trafficking Hero’ in 2005 â€Å" by the United States, State Department.Ansar Burney, in March 2008, elected as Expert Adviser on Human Rights in the United Nations Human Rights Council Advisory Committee at Geneva, one out of 18 elected from throughout the world. Whenever a natural calamity such as earthquake or flood hits Pakistan, ‘Ansar Burney Trust’ is there to lend a helping hand. Mr Ansar Burney and his wife Shaheen Burney take pride in helping others. They derive pleasure by sharing smiles and restoring honour and dignity to downtrodden people. Mr Ansar Burney, Advocate got married with Shaheen on May 28, 1981 and they have three children Fahad Burney, Raheel Burney and daughter Sana Burney.Trust: Established in 1980 by Ansar Burney, Advocate in the Pakistani port city of Karachi; the Ansar Burney Trust was the first organization to introduce true human rights in Pakistan. With a mission to work as a non-political, non-governmental and non-profitable organization, we started our fight against all forms of injustices, cruel inhuman and degrading treatment, child abuse, cruelty to women and other more subtle forms of human and civil rights violations without any discrimination or affiliation. The Ansar Burney Trust headed by Mr.Ansar Burney is a network of human rights organisations working for the deliverance of justice, better treatment of human beings and for the rights and freedoms of civil liberties. Our work is to raise awareness, provide free legal advice and services and humanitarian assistance where needed. Our mission began with the establishment of th e â€Å"Prisoners Aid Society† in 1980. Since then we have been involved in bringing reforms in Police Stations, Prisons and Mental Institutions; and work for the aid, advice, release, rehabilitation and welfare of the illegally and unlawfully detained prisoners and mental patients.We also work for the rehabilitation and welfare of the families of these unfortunate human beings purely on humanitarian grounds in the greater interest of justice and humanity without any affiliation or consideration for any political party, group or activities. Since its inception in 1980, the Ansar Burney Trust has shown a marked and steady progress in achieving the vowed objectives and has started a number of centers for various projects in Pakistan and abroad.The Trust also publishes newsletters and human rights reports with the purpose of spreading awareness of issues and to try and get more and more people involved. Campaigns: Prisoners released: The Ansar Burney Trust has been working for t he cause of justice for the past 25 years and in this time has been successful in getting the release of around 700,000 confined persons from various sites around the world. These have included persons locked up for up to 37 years on fake charges or those confined in mental institutions to rot their entire lives away even though they are perfectly sane.Our work started in 1980 with this cause of persons confined in prison and mental institutions in Pakistan – a country which since independence in 1947 has yet to have a legal system where justice is delivered to the common man. The courts and police are used as a tool by the influential individuals to remove and put away opponents Torture in custody is extremely common and innocent persons are forced to admit to crimes they never committed. Persons arrested on suspicion of crimes are forgotten in police lock-ups or sent to prison without charge or court hearings for entire lifetimes.Innocent people are arrested and locked away by the police in order to fulfill their orders of connecting a crime to an individual; in some cases without their families even being informed of their arrest or imprisonment. No legal advice or service is ever provided. Prisons are filthy and hugely over populated. Prisoners are beaten and tortured regularly. There are never enough courts, resulting in waiting times for a hearing taking upwards of several years. Justice in Pakistan is a privilege for the rich.The situation is even more horrific in Mental Institutions – where just as in prisons – many sane innocent persons are confined and declared insane to keep them quite or lock them away due to enmity with powerful individuals. Mental Patients have never been thought of as human beings by either the government or the people in charge of the institutions. They were often beaten and made to sleep on the ground under the open sky without any clothes or blankets. They were tied to trees or posts so they are unable to run away. They were barely fed, sometimes being forced to feed and live in their own feces.Women patients were raped on a regular bases, many times giving birth inside the institution to children who were then also raised their; growing up to be mentally instable themselves. Other times – mental patients were tied to poles, trees or posts near religious shrines in the hope they would heal themselves. If they had no where to go, they were stoned to death by mobs unable to understand their condition. There has never been any justice for these people from the courts, which have always worked under the influence and pressure of the governments and the police.Human Rights were totally unheard of, until 1980, when Ansar Burney founded the Ansar Burney Trust. Having been locked away in prison himself, Ansar Burney witnessed the miserable conditions in which prisoners were living and set about immediately to help them. He began by visiting the many prisons and mental institutions in Pakistan to find persons confined on fake charges, locked away without charge or persons who had been framed. He also began to raise his voice for reforms in Prisons and Mental Institutions. In the past 25 years, the Ansar Burney Trust has made great achievements for this cause.Through surprise inspections and representatives in prisons and mental institutions, ABT monitors that no prisoner or patient is abused. We have successfully lobbied for better living conditions and food, separate prisons for men and women, education and training for prisoners, put a stop of tying of mental patients and children in chains and have successfully managed to remove place of birth as prison for children born in prisons. Entertainment and a better atmosphere is created at various sites around the country when ABT arranges parties and entertainment for prisoners and patients.Due to our lobbying and donations, better medical equipment and staff are now working in prisons and institutions – of fering better medical service to prisoners and especially patients. Mental patients locked in prison due of lack of space in hospital were sent back for better care. Women prisoners and patients who would before have given birth in confinement with only each other to help are now under the supervision of women nurses – after Ansar Burney presented this matter to the Prime Minister of Pakistan.Staff of the Ansar Burney Trust visited and met female prisoners and patients to investigate charges of sexual abuse – drastically leading to a reduction of rapes in prisons. We successfully lobbied to ban female prisoners being dealt with by male staff. Non Muslim prisoners unable to perform their religious duties are now provided what they need in order to perform their religious commitments. In the month of Ramadan, non-Muslim prisoners are now arranged food for by ABT so they were not forced to fast.The Ansar Burney Trust has appointed 84 people in various jails and mental asy lums to take care of mental patients and prisoners. One of our achievements over the years has been the collection of data we have gathered on Pakistani prisoners confined in different Jails around the world due to various misunderstandings. The Trust provides legal advice and services to many such persons and arranges for their repatriation when released. Similarly the Trust has also been able to get release of a number of foreign nationals from Pakistani Jails and sent them to their respective home countries on Trust's expenses.Since we began our mission in 1980, the Ansar Burney Trust has been involved in bringing reforms in Police Stations, Prisons and Mental Institutions; and work for the aid, advice, release, rehabilitation and welfare of the illegally and unlawfully detained prisoners and mental patients. We have also worked for the rehabilitation and welfare of the families of these unfortunate human beings purely on humanitarian grounds in the greater interest of justice an d humanity without any affiliation or consideration for any political party, group or activities. For hose with no where left to go or those not yet ready, the Trust has established a center where they receive accommodation, food, medical attention and freedom. Children Rights: When a people lack commitment, drive and zeal to better the condition of our fellow human beings, the over riding emotion is that of apathy particularly towards the under privileged. But our ever-enterprising statesmen have found a way: down the line they express â€Å"profound grief† and â€Å"deep sorrow† alongside heartfelt platitudes for the grieved family. No matter what the tragedy the attitude is that of indifference; even if the subjects are innocent children.Looking at the statistics, Pakistan has one of the largest populations of the young in the world – with nearly 45 percent of its one hundred and fifty million people being under the age of 15. But it has no policy for childre n. Hundreds of thousands of infants under four years of age die each year mostly from readily preventative diseases. Amongst the fortunate few who are spared the tragedy, many waste their lives in the throes of extreme poverty. Still worse, an increasing number of children get lost or are abducted; and then there are those whose ntire future is blighted because they are imprisoned, or born in jails and mental asylums and have to spend a considerable time of their lives there. Many a times, this is not due to any fault of their own but because their mothers are patients, are serving a sentence or awaiting trial. Thousands are lost or kidnapped each year, with many finding themselves bought, abused and used in bonded labor camps all over the country. Hundreds are trafficked to foreign destinations for the purposes of drugs smuggling and to be used as camel jockeys.Many more are forced into beggary, trained and used in criminal activities and some are even killed – for their bod y organs fetch a high price in Pakistan and abroad. Hundreds of young girls are also abducted, bought and sold all over Pakistan. They are locked away in private prisons, forced into prostitution and trafficked abroad for use in drugs smuggling and for the thriving sex trade (particularly in the Middle East). The Ansar Burney Trust has been working for the protection of these children for over 25 years under our â€Å"Bureau of Missing and Kidnapped Children†.In this time, we have managed to locate and rehabilitate around 100,000 children. These included children who were set free from labor camps, those released from prisons, children who had been lost, child camel jockeys and young girls who had been sold away for prostitution. We have brought reforms in prisons, prosecuted those who abused children and recently – the Ansar Burney Trust has also successfully been able to convince the governments of the UAE and Qatar to ban the use of children as camel jockeys. Human trafficking: Human Trafficking is a horrendous crime that has destroyed the lives of millions of people around the world.It has involved the abduction, cruel and inhumane treatment, humiliation, serious injury and even death of innocent men, women and children. It is a big â€Å"business† in many parts of the world, especially South Asia, from where thousands of people are either smuggled or trafficked each year – for purposes of drugs smuggling, to be used for slave labor and young girls and women forced into prostitution. Many are lured with the false promises of a better life, a better future – never expecting what they will actually be put through.Those unwilling are abducted, young children bought from their parents and young girls bought and sold in markets. The Ansar Burney Trust began its struggle for the release and welfare of many such victims 16 years ago; starting with the plight of women and children used for the purpose of drugs smuggling. Drug Smu ggling: Every year, hundreds of women and children are forcibly used for the purpose of drugs smuggling to various destinations around the world. In many of the instances, they are forced to carry the drugs in capsules inside of their bodies.Abducted or bought from open markets, these women and children are threatened, beaten, starved and even warned with the death of family members if they hesitate in any way. In some instances, young children of the women involved are kept behind with the smugglers to insure full cooperation. The women, along with the kids, are then given new identity cards where they are shown as a family and given bags full of drugs to be transported to various sites across the country. At other times, the women are paired with men and shown in new passports as a married couple and the children are shown as their kids.They are then forced to swallow and place capsules full of drugs inside their bodies for transportation to foreign countries; where even after ful l cooperation and delivery of drugs, they are likely to be sold for prostitution and slave labor. Or if caught, they then face prison and even the death sentence. On several occasions, the Ansar Burney Trust has fought for the welfare of such persons; some of whom were released from Middle Eastern countries where they had been sentenced to death for crimes they were forced to commit.One such case involved children as young as five years old, who were arrested along with some women carrying capsules filled with drugs inside their bodies – all were sentenced to death – finally released after an investigation by the Ansar Burney Trust and appeals to the Saudi leadership. In this regard, members and volunteers of the Ansar Burney Trust visit various prisons and review case details of many South Asian prisoners in Middle Eastern Countries.In Pakistan, we work to locate and prosecute the men responsible Humanitarian aid and relief activities: Relief Activity Earth Quake in N . Pakistan: During the recent earth quake disaster in Northern Pakistan, the Ansar Burney Trust provided aid worth over $1 million (USD) to the effected people, in the form of warm tents, warm clothes and blankets, food rations and clean drinking water, tools used for digging, medicines, crockery, gas and oil cookers, cash and products for women's personal hygiene.The Trust is currently working on the construction of homes, mosques and schools for villagers on high mountains Free legal advice: The Ansar Burney Trust since 1980 has been offering free legal advice and services to all those who need it. We have a team of lawyers, including women, who are available 7 days a week to help those in need. It is through our legal team, that the Trust has been able to secure the release of hundreds of thousands of people around the world and to fight for justice for men, women and children

JUVENILE JUSTICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

JUVENILE JUSTICE - Essay Example It is also important to note that the procedure and organization found between the adult and juvenile court systems vary greatly (Snyder, 2001). In Alabama, after committing the crime, Juveniles are detained as compared to being arrested. A petition is drawn up next whereby the juvenile court’s jurisdictional authority over the detained individual and offense serves the minor’s family as notice and offers the basis for the convergence of the court, and acts as the official document for charging. The juvenile’s case is adjudicated, once it is in court, and a disposition is passed. The governmental Act that entails Freedom of Information access to everyone means that the adult records can be viewed by anyone, whereas, juvenile records are considered as sealed documents. This measure is meant for protecting the minors so that their single mistake in life does not become a barrier throughout their life. Juvenile records may be expunged once the minor offender reaches 18 years provided they meet the set state criteria. In addition, unlike the adult court procedures the juvenile courts proceedings are far less formal. The least detrimental options often form the main basis for a juvenile case disposition. Therefore, the parents’ patriae legacy remains clear (Mays & Winfree, 2000). Juvenile dispositions use of indeterminate sentencing is often a constant source of controversy for the juvenile courts. Under this sentencing, the judges are given power to determine and decide the type of sentence that will be carried out. Juveniles, in such cases, are watched during their detained periods and only when the judge completely considers them fully rehabilitated, then they can be released. This arrangement, according to critics, allows the judge to have too much discretion, and therefore should not be considered as a detrimental punishment. The three main ways that a court is typically

Jonathan Weiner The Beak of the Finch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Jonathan Weiner The Beak of the Finch - Essay Example spread and what they do to our biological system. For example, in medical science the understanding of evolution has allowed scientists to develop moulds such as penicillin that helps destroy bad bacteria. Prior to the development of antibiotics such as penicillin and probiotics such as those used in vaccines humans were only subjected to the random laws of nature. Those who were the 'fittest' survived through natural selection. Antibiotics help destroy bacteria, on the other hand probiotics are small amounts of bacteria exposed to the body to allow slow reactions where the body will develop its own immunity against the bacteria strain. In the long run, these exposures will help the body withstand against the attacks of such strains such as influenza, polio or tuberculosis for example. However, because of abuses such as the overuse of antibiotics to combat minor diseases certain virus strains could become stronger and stronger because they themselves could develop immunity against the antibiotics thus rendering them as dangerous as prior to the invention of penicillin. Another understanding of evolution can be seen through the use of pesticides in agriculture. For example, due to the overuse of pesticides in agriculture, garden pests are becoming more and more resistant towards the pesticides are being used. They have evolved against the surrounding which has naturally selected their most 'fittest'. 3) Think about the requirements of Darwinian evolution (variation, natural selection, reproductive isolation, etc.) and argue either for or against the following statement: The human species is still evolving biologically and will be substantially physically different in 10,000 years. True or not Defend your opinion by... 2) Why is an understanding of evolution important to the well-being of human society and human activities Discuss two examples in detail of how evolution affects us economically (e.g. agriculture) and medically 3) Think about the requirements of Darwinian evolution (variation, natural selection, reproductive isolation, etc.) and argue either for or against the following statement: The human species is still evolving biologically and will be substantially physically different in 10,000 years. True or not Defend your opinion by discussing whether natural selection still applies to most of the human population.

Comparison Between Macroeconomic and Microeconomic Essay

Comparison Between Macroeconomic and Microeconomic - Essay Example Macroeconomics also analyses some sub aggregates like spending on consumptions and investments and their components. These are also treated to be the components of GDP or Gross Domestic Product. The effect of fiscal as well as monetary policy is under the purview of macroeconomics. It can be characterized as modeling of sectors on the basis of some micro components. The factors that can shed its impact on the long term growth prospects as well as can affect the level of national income fall under the domain of macroeconomics. The factors that have such kind of potential include modifications in technology, the rate of capital accumulation and augmentation of the labor force (Cencini, 2005, p. 2). The models of macroeconomics can be used to find out the trends in some specific sector and forecast or anticipate the future results. These forecasted results determined using those models are used by the government as well as for the large ownership corporations as this kind of analysis wi ll help them in their path of development and build new strategies of business that suites their purpose. Some of the famous macroeconomic models include Aggregate demand, the Aggregate supply model and the ISLM model. The once divided fields of monetary policy and the business cycles led to the emergence of macroeconomics. The contribution of J.M. Keynes to macroeconomics cannot be ignored. His book â€Å"General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money† depicts the key concepts of macroeconomics. He offered a modern theory of economics which dealt with the problem on why the market is not clear and eventually a school of economists evolved who seemed to follow the Keynesian theory (Andolfatto, 2005, p. 2). Microeconomics deals with the basic elements in the economy. The households and the firms are treated to be the agents involved in the circle of microeconomics.

Nestle case study - Creating Shared Value in the Supply Chain

Nestle - Creating Shared Value in the Supply Chain - Case Study Example This paper outlines ways through which nestle creates shared value within the supply chain relating to the cocoa production. It also outlines the importance of applying corporate social responsibility principle in a business activity. The paper also outlines some of the key players in Nestle Cocoa supply chain and the factors that drive the Nestle supply chain. Finally, paper discusses the ways Nestle creates value and the challenges that come with that process. The Nestle Cocoa Plan Nestle has implemented this through creating greater values for the societies. This includes improvements of water, nutrition and rural development. The supply chain activity that is specified includes transforming the raw materials and other natural resources into finished goods consumed by the end consumers. The processes involved are linked to consumers, human rights and labor practices, employees, suppliers and customers and the environment. The consumers are the larger group that consumes the produc ts manufactured by Nestle. Every stage in the supply chain process adds value to the end product (Nestle Case Study). The major key players in this supply chain are farmers, cooperatives, processors or manufacturers, retailers and consumers. The cocoa farmers are tasked with the job of growing the crops that produce cocoa. The cooperatives represent the institutions that manage the sale of the crops by the farmers. They act like unions of farmers who form them to control the market for the crops. Nestle fall under the stage of manufacturers or processors. These are tasked with the production of products which are the end products from the raw materials. Nestle for instance manufactures chocolate and their equivalent from these raw materials. The retailers represent those channels that receive orders from nestle. These channels distribute the products to the end users or rather the consumers. The consumers, who are the last players in the supply chain represents the individuals who p urchase the end products (Nestle Case Study). The chart above represents the process of activities that are involved in the supply chain of the Cocoa plan. In order to coordinate the raw materials that Nestle uses to manufacture the end products, it has to coordinate the way farmers are handled in terms of the market and wages (Nestle Case Study). Factors Driving the Cocoa Supply Chain Shared value that is created by Nestle is based on a number of factors that majorly can be categorized under the corporate social responsibility. Nestle carries out its business based on the international laws and codes that define the conduct and the company business principles, as well as, compliance to environment sustainability regulations. The company, however, under the creating shared platform came up with other factors that would drive the supply chain. The principles that are set by international organizations such as the United Nations help in guiding the company in its value creation in the supply chain through its approach in the corporate social responsibility. An example of this according to the Nestle case study is the principles that incorporate the UN Global Principles. This relates to the Human rights, labor, corruption and environment (Nestle Case Study). The company, for instance, has helped the farmers to eliminate

Interrelations Between the Syrian Conflict And the Instability Research Proposal

Interrelations Between the Syrian Conflict And the Instability Situation In Lebanon - Research Proposal Example The mixed nature of the study cannot be stressed. As such, theorists argue for the application of the synthesis of existing literature for such studies. Experts claim that among the most acceptable methods of research is an analysis of literature from reputable sources. Even though various forms of studies drawn from literature exist, the study adopts a narrative approach to investigate the issue and point out the problem as it is. As such, various pieces of literature will be analyzed to generate the most relevant facts regarding the issue. The analysis method is adopted due to the existence of abundant literature concerning the problem of the study and the available time constraints in conducting a field study. Of interest to the study is the findings and the conclusions drawn from various studies conducted regarding the topic of the research. As such, the study will review the historical underpinning of the crisis, and their socio-economic impacts. Among the relevant sources considered in the synthesis include websites of multilateral organizations such as the UN and its constituents. It also considers governmental websites regarding population and academic commentary on the war. Consideration is also given to research papers by various NGO’s relating to the topic and independent searches on the problem. The paper will also consult various academic journals and other print media to ascertain their perception regarding the issue.

Domestic Terror in the United States Term Paper

Domestic Terror in the United States - Term Paper Example ive of excessive force, there must be pressure applied to others in society or government or otherwise persuasive agendas, and the objectives of these acts must be linked with sociological or politically-motivated agendas (FEMA, 1997). Domestic terrorism is characterized as a holistic blend of the aforementioned objectives and activities, which occur within a national region, which are conducted against social systems and ideologies, governmental actors, and citizenry communities. Some of the most common terrorist activities occurring domestically include implementing a variety of illegal pursuits so as to fund hostile or brutal objectives, as well as using a variety of methodologies to elicit threats against government and society so as to establish support or compliance with a specific political or social agenda. The composition of domestic terrorism is complex and usually consists of multi-faceted objectives of the terrorist party or group which has substantial implications for local, state and federal-level institutions when attempting to contend with terrorist activities and agendas. It often involves a series of complicated analyses and interventions within many diverse federal institutions under a collaborative model with local and state-level authorities to achieve terrorist reduction and opposition. This essay examines a variety of domestic terrorism attacks that have occurred in the United States, focusing on the politically-motivated or socially-motivated objectives that drove these violent acts. The project further examines the threats and dangers of domestic terrorism today as opposed to international terrorism within U.S. borders and provides an analysis of the programs currently in place at the federal, state and local levels to prevent reoccurrences of domestic terrorism. It is significant and prudent for American citizens and empowered institutions to understand the dynamics of what serves as catalysts for domestic terrorism as domestic

Gender and Cultural Differences in Communication Essay

Gender and Cultural Differences in Communication - Essay Example Verbal communication is best used to convey particular information and is especially suited for communication via technology and over longer distances. Non-verbal communication, on the other hand, is immediate compared to the former. This causes its meaning to be more ambiguous, despite the fact that various non-verbal communication forms, for example, the use of eyes and hand gestures, have the ability to convey the emotions with more effectiveness than verbal communication can. Various technological communication media such as a film can also convey many forms of non-verbal communication. Verbal Gender and Cultural Differences During verbal communication, men will normally tend to give solutions, whereas women will tend to focus more on empathy. This mirrors the fact that women are more oriented towards solidifying relationships while men in most occasions are more goal-oriented. Differences in communication across the gender divide also extend to non-verbal communication. Various gestures may be decoded one way by a man and differently by a woman. Persons from various cultures also differ in their manner of expression, even when the words and their literal meanings are translated to the listener’s native language. In some cultures, the word â€Å"yes† could really mean â€Å"maybe† while in another culture, â€Å"yes† could be considered a commitment that is binding. Women are usually better at the interpretation of non-verbal means of communication compared to men. Men also tend to be less accomplished when it comes to sending non-verbal and subtle messages.

MANAGEMENT RESEARCH REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8250 words

MANAGEMENT RESEARCH REPORT - Essay Example 2010) Additionally the number of customers and potential customers who visited the shop floor and the website of the company have decreased as seen in the table below. Table 2: CUSTOMERS/WEBSITE VISITORS FOR CAPITAL 04 LTD. YEAR SHOPFLOOR CUSTOMERS WEBSITE VISITORS 2005 1,000,000 45,000 2006 800,000 37,500 2007 650,000 25,000 2008 250,000 20,000 2009 100,000 10,000 2010 20,000 3,000 (Source: Capital 04 Ltd. Data 2010.) The evidences given in the tables above are clear manifestation of the financial instability and poor growth in Capital 04 Limited, which this report sorts to reverse as a way forward for the company. The main issue in this case is the analysis of the financial issues in the company including analysing the reasons behind the aspect. Scope of Report The report would try to analyse the reasons behind the poor financial state and performance of the company. It would also try to investigate the possible reasons that may have led to Capital 04 becoming unprofitable. This wo uld include analysing the business model of the company and would try to find any gaps in the business model that may have led to this situation. The study would include analysis of data from secondary as well as primary sources in an attempt to find a solution for the organisation that would help it to maintain sustainability and remain viable for the next course of time. The primary research would involve a comprehensive analysis of the issues faced by the company from various perspectives. What is more, the report would ultimately present a set of credible recommendations that would help the company to get back to profitability and maintain market sustainability. Constraints The project would... The research affirms that over the past few decades, the consumer perceptions have greatly altered in terms of their beliefs and needs. The patience level with which to wait to be served or be satisfied with the product has reduced. With the advancement in technology we have to come to expect complete deliver and that too in time. This change in dynamics of customer thinking has led to a transformation in the whole procedure from the preparation of the product, through retailing and finally to the consumers. This has transformed the whole supply chain deriving from costs to service requirements along with the customer and retailer change. The retail business has been a line a work that has greatly contributed to increasing the efficiency and productivity of consumer products as well as the service sector. It happens to be one of the largest established businesses in terms of number of establishments and employees in United States of America. Other than USA, the retail sector also hap pens to be a major entity contributing to the economies of other nations as well. The last decade however, has caused a major flux in the retail business environment. There are two sides of this scenario; on one side the hike in the private labels and promotions have contributed to increasing the power of the retailers. On the other side however, the increase in the number of discounters and warehouses have taken a major toll on the traditional retailers and has also increased the competitiveness in the industry.

Adidas Company Essay Example for Free

Adidas Company Essay I think this company using pull marketing. There are several reasons that I think that this company using pull marketing because for their strategy they use performance as central group value, leveraging opportunities across brand portfolio and extending innovation and design leadership. Why they use pull marketing? They use pull marketing because it very easy for customer or users s to access the services of the internet or the web using their web browsers. Their main goal is to lead the supporting goods industry with brands built n a passion for supporting lifestyle. In performance and service, they performed efficiently designed to simplicity of access especially while shopping and buying transaction via internet. Adidas will send us a confirmation email acknowledging receipt of orders. Once we have selected our purchases, delivery charges are automatically calculated and displayed on the check out page. Payment includes all major credit cards, Pay Pal or pay check. Their Customer Services is 24 hours if someone wants to order or to make sure for heir order have been sent by call at this number 1-800-982-9337 Other factor includes personalization; Adidas will request certain personally identifiable information from us on our order form membership and financial information (credit card number, money order or using pay check) for billing purposes and to fill order. Besides, look and feel factor. Based on their homepage, we can glimpse a soccer players or athletic using this shoes to show that their quality, comfort and their stability. On combination of stylish and striking background, I believe that this will attract customer to get into website swiftly. Consist of teenagers preferences and taste it could be most sensation and favorable website among modern generation today. Last for the factor is security and reliability factor. Adidas seize customer privacy very seriously. All information collected include card credit number will remain within the company and will not be distributed or sold to any third party. To ensure customer hopping experience safe, simple and good secure, Adidas uses the standard Secure Shopping Guarantee technology. This encrypts and protects the sensitive details like email address and credit card details. To give more privacy to their customers, they use Privacy Policy to make sure that their customer can choose any product they want to buy without any interruption someone. It also ensures customer browser is being sent to the correct and then checks the data being transferred. Its approved SSG technology make online purchasing secure and pleasurable.

Beowulf as a hero in modern society Essay Example for Free

Beowulf as a hero in modern society Essay In the historic epic Beowulf, its title character, Beowulf, is perceived as an unconventional as well as a traditional hero in current society. Beowulf, the son of Ecgtheow and Hygelacs thane, is presented as a fearless warrior to the audience. This acknowledgment of Beowulf causes the readers to instantly recognize that Beowulf is a well-respected man. Beowulfs magnitude is seen at the very beginning of the poem as the narrator states, The man whose name was known for courage, the Geat Leader (Heaney 25). Beowulf is announced to the Danish people with magnificence. Before proving Beowulfs heroic qualities, the viewers are conscious of the fact that Beowulf is a great warrior and the son of a well admired man. It can be distinguished that from Beowulfs opening statements he will become a hero. Bravery is a key characteristic that identifies a hero. Throughout the entire poem Beowulf appeared to possess infinite valor. He displayed courage in his swimming competition with Breca, and in his fights with Grendel, Grendels mother, and the dragon that fatally wounded him. In all of Beowulfs struggles, he revels wisdom, strength, and motivation. In his clash against Grendel, Beowulf utilizes his sheer strength to kill Grendel. He used his mighty strength to rip off the monsters arm from the shoulder. As stated by the narrator, The monsters whole body was in pain; a tremendous wound appeared on his shoulder Beowulf was granted the glory of winning (Heaney 55). The defeat of Grendel fulfills Beowulfs heroic duty. This is also seen with Grendels mother. After Grendels death, Grendels mother desires to avenge her child. Beowulf fights her in water and still prevails. By keeping true to his word Beowulf is able to prove his worth. Near the end of poem, Beowulf faces his last episode. He takes on a dragon that is creating havoc upon the city. Before facing the dragon he knows that he might die and yet still fights with glory and all of his might. On page 171 Beowulf states, This fight is not yours, nor is it up to any man except me I shall win the gold by my courage, or else mortal combat, doom of battle, will bear your lord away (Heaney 171). Beowulf yet again completes his task as he kills the dragon, however, he immediately dies from his wounds. Beowulf, a true hero, confronts his death with bravery. It is Beowulfs strength, determination, and courage that enable him to become a distinguishable hero in modern society. Although Beowulf is portrayed as a true Anglo-Saxon hero, he has qualities that would depict him not as one in current society. From Beowulfs initial introduction he is seen as being conceited and aggressive. During the first feast, Beowulf tells of the story of his swimming race. Beowulf states, I was the strongest swimmer of allTime and again, foul things attacked mebut I lashed out, gave as good as I got with my swordMy sword had killed nine sea-monsters. Such night-dangers and hard ordeals I have never heard of nor of a man more desolate in surging waves. (Heaney 37). This quote reveals the cockiness of Beowulf. He is very arrogant as he believes that he is the best and the bravest. Arrogance is not a characteristic of a hero. Another flaw is shown in Beowulfs character as he fights Grendel and Grendels mother. Beowulfs quarrel with Grendel exposes his true expression of violence. While Grendel and Beowulf are wrestling, Beowulf manages to get Grendel in such as position where he ripped off Grendels arm from the socket. This violent act can be seen as very brutal. The killing of Grendel in such a way would deny the right to name Beowulf as a hero in present society. In addition, the killing of Grendels mother has the same effect. While battling Grendels mother, Beowulf seeks assistance from an ancient blade. With this sword, he delivers a final blow to the neck of the monster. After determining that she is death, he still proceeds and decapitates her. He then returns with the head and displays it in Heorot. The decapitation of Grendels mother illustrates Beowulf as disrespectful and in violation of the heroic code, which doesnt identify him as a hero. In the eyes of contemporary society Beowulf can be recognize as a paradoxical character as he is embodied by both heroic and callous qualities.

The Wives Of The Dead English Literature Essay

The Wives Of The Dead English Literature Essay The Wives of The Dead is one of Hawthornes less remembered stories from a sequence of early tales he wrote in 1832. The story takes place in early eighteenth century Massachusetts Bay. Mary and Margaret are the two main characters, they are sister in laws who are drawn closer together because both their husband die within two successive days. However the story is not as simple as the plot. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses his lengthy visual descriptions to create a symbolic and almost supernatural background. If the story is read rapidly the reader may make the mistake of thinking its simply exploring the nature of a womans grief. However buried beneath the deceit of the narrator, lay the details that reveal the true meaning of the story. Like all of Hawthornes writings the story does not lack complexity. As the story advances readers are forced to ask the question of whether the story deals with dreams or reality. A question that is often asked but never holds the value that Hawthorne place s in it in this story. The issue can be major or insignificant thats why Hawthorne says The following story, the simple and domestic incidents of which may be deemed scarcely worth relating (Hawthorne968). The Wives of The Dead illustrates the importance of distinguishing between reality in life and the nature of reality in dreams. Hawthorne writes The Wives of the Dead in the third person omniscient viewpoint. This allows him to tell the story from a godlike perspective. Elements that the main characters might not or can not be noticed are pointed or to the reader. Because of the circumstances in the story, Hawthorne uses this style so the reader has an idea of what is going on while the main character has stepped out of the room or turned away. In this stories case this style is used to give the reader information or an overview about what is going on while the character are sleeping. In third person omniscience, the reader can get the story from Margaret and Marys point of view. This style makes the story more interesting because both characters are blind to something the other one knows. In The Wives of the Dead the visitors that both Margaret and Mary get are unknown by one or the other character. They are unwilling to tell the other about the news they receive about their husbands. The blindness of both p arties causes tension between both characters that only the reader is aware of. The narrator will also do several things other than telling the story. Things such as sometimes commenting and judging characters or events like saying one of the sisters is mild, quiet, yet not feeble character(Hawthorne960). This form of writing also gives the narrator the ability to give misleading or even dishonest details. The narrator does this to make distinguishing between reality and unreality more difficult. Hawthorne provides clues to help distinguish the reality that may be hidden beneath dreams or the dreams that may be hidden under the reality. The first of the two sisters that may or may not have been dreaming is Margaret. She was the first of the two sisters to receive a message that their husband is not dead is Margaret. Margaret is the sister who is of the lively irritable temperament, she does not dream her visit because it happens before she falls asleep (Hawthorne969). Mary falls asleep first while Margaret became more disturbed by feverish, in proportion as the night advanced with its deepest and stillest hours (Hawthorne970). She does not fall asleep before her visits because her grief greatly disturbed her still. The visitor is a friendly innkeeper of the town who is known by Margaret (Hawthorne970). Further validation comes from Goodman Parkers account of having received the news of Margarets husband. Margaret receives word from an express the tiding of the frontiers (Hawthorne970).Goodman Parker states He tells me we had the better in the skirmish you wot of, and that thirteen men report slain are well and sound , and your husband among them(pg. 970)Nothing seems too miraculous or disputable that would indicate a supernatural aspect of a dream. After Margarets visit she goes to Marys room to tell her what has happened. She decides not to tell he because she does not want to further ber sadness. Margaret says Shall I waken her to feel her sorrow sharpened by my happiness (Hawthorne970). After deciding not tell Mary, Margaret notices a look of motionless contentment was how visionless as if her heart, like a deep lake(Hawthorne 971). The reason Mary could or could not have been dreaming are the brief details describing her face before she fell asleep and the description of Stephen. The narrator describes the look on Marys face as motionless contentment which suggests that she has made peace with the death of her husband(Hawthorne969). If she had made peace with the loss of her husband she would not be as likely to fall asleep with the wishful thinking that her husband may still be alive. Her actions before she goes to bed suggest she is trying to move on. Mary began to recollect the precepts of resignation and endurance, which piety had taught her(Hawthorne971) .Therefore, Marys dreaming that her husband is alive is possible but unlikely. If she had looked happy while she is asleep it will be okay to assume that she was dreaming that her husband was alive. However, there are many clues that suggest her visit is a dream, but not necessarily her dream. When Mary awakes for a little time, slumber hung about her lik e a morning mist(Hawthorne971). She is clearly in a state where she can easily fall back to sleep without realizing. When her visitor begins to knock on the door, she listened with imperfect consciousness and she does not answer until she is clearly wide awake (Hawthorne 971). So at the same moment of the knocking, she goes from a drowsy state to being wide awake. The pang of recollection darted into her mind when she answers the door (Hawthorne971). Mary recognizes her visitor and describes him as a unsuccessful wooer of her own named Stephen (Hawthorne972). a rejected lover of Mary who comes by seeking to comfort her with information about the guy who won her over. This is the first clue that seems very unlikely. The storm is over and the moon is out yet when she speaks to Stepehen, she notices that he is soaked. This can just be the narrator giving misleading information, but it serves to cast doubts about if this is really happening or if it is all in her head. The status of Mar ys husband is ultimately harder to prove than that of Margarets, and the evidence that cast doubts on Stephen are normal inconsistencies for a dream. The tale has many structural parallels within it. Each wife is awakened by a visitor who has news about the survival of their husbands. After receiving the good news thy each stop themselves from waking and telling the other what had happened. They are both sleeping restlessly at one point of the story but the story does not say for sure if they are dreaming. The main deception of the story is that what happens is exactly what both characters could dream. The story presents blanketed realities; however, they are not necessarily less real only because some events are not likely. The dramatic background of the story with the rainy twilight of autumn day suggests and is ideal for a dreamlike world (Hawthorne968). It is not clear if one, both, or neither of the characters are dreaming. Discussing the interpretation of the events or dreams is overlooking the purpose of the story. The point is simply a caution against ignorance of the distinction between dreams and reality.

19th Century Architecture :: Art Buildings Essays

19th Century Architecture 19th Century architecture is a wide subject only because there were so many beautiful and magnificent buildings built. The Houses of Parliament were built between 1840 to 1865. It was built by Sir Charles Barry in a Gothic Revival style. The buildings cover an area of more than 8 acres and contain 1100 apartments, 100 staircases, and 11 courts. The exterior, in it’s Revived Gothic style, s impressive with its three large towers: Victoria Tower spanning 336ft in the air, Middle tower 300ft, and Saint Stephen’s better known as the Clock Tower spans 320ft to the sky. The latter contains a clock with four dials, each 23ft long, and a great bell, Big Ben, weighing 13.5 tons. Among the house are the House of Peers; House of Commons; Saint Stephen’s Hall on the site of Saint Stephen’s Chapel; the residence of the speaker, the libraries, committee rooms, and lobbies connected with the House of Commons and the House of Peers; and offices. A very well known structure was also built LA TOUR EIFFEL The Eiffel Tower, or as the French call it, La tour Eiffel, is the last metal construction from the 1887 exhibition. From top to bottom the Eiffel tower is a naked construction showing its rivets and seams proudly. Work on the Eiffel Tower began on January 28, 1887. With new techniques for metal construction the Eiffel Tower was completed in 26 months. With little cost and little labor the only complaints about it were directed at its starkness. The Parisian skyline is forever changed by this tower of steel. Three hundred meters tall when finished, it dominated the landscape of Paris. Later a telecommunications antenna was added to raise the tower's height to almost 350 meters. The Eiffel Tower was the tallest building in the world until 1930 when the Chrysler building was built. The Eiffel Tower was built to commemorate the French Revolution. A competition was held for designs for a suitable monument. More than 100 plans were sent in, only three were picked. Of the three the only one standing today is the Eiffel Tower. Conceived by Gustave Alexandre Eiffel, who was an accomplished bridge engineer, the towers' designs were sent in to the Centennial Committee. The reply came not more than a month later, they were to build the tower. Work on the actual tower began more than five months after the designs were accepted.

Phoenixs Hardships and Racism in A Worn Path Essay -- Literary Analysi

â€Å"A Worn Path† tells of an elderly and frail black woman and of the hardships that she must overcome. Upon reading the story, you realize that there is more to the story than meets the eye. She faces many roadblocks along her way. Phoenix faces many dangerous obstacles along her way, for a person of her age. She faces racism from some of characters she meets along the way. Phoenix faces inferior treatment, as though she is nothing more than some insect to squash. This story is about not only her ‘journey’ to Natchez, but also about her journey through society and the struggle to overcome the dangers, being treated inferior, and the racism. It’s December when Phoenix starts on her journey to Natchez and it is a journey she has taken many times before. This journey is no journey an elderly and weaken person should have to make by themselves, yet Phoenix does. She does not allow her age or her condition to keep her from it. Deep through the pines, the path takes her, and her first task would be to make it over a hill that seems to take all her energy and strength. â€Å"Seems like there is chains around my feet, time I get this far†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Welty 5), here the reader can tell Phoenix does not have the strength that she really needs to make it up the hill. Yet somewhere she finds the will to keep pushing on and moving forward. This same type of spirit that allows Phoenix to keep pushing forward in society, and not to back down. Showing the younger generation that you have to fight your way through to a brighter day. It is later down the path that Phoenix comes to a creek and the only way to get across, is by walking on a log. Phoenix walks across this log with her eyes close. Once across she opens her eyes and says, â€Å"I wasn’t as old as I ... ...f questions and she answers all of them respectfully and honestly. Phoenix cleverly distracts the man, with the two dogs that are fighting and he goes off to scare the big black one away by shooting at it. It is when he comes back and points his gun at her, that Phoenix shows no fear if it. When she is asked if she is afraid of it, her reply is, â€Å"No sir, I seen plenty go off closer by, in my day, and for less than what I done† (Welty 58). Her unusual courage shows just how far racism stretches. Normally a human being would show fear when staring a gun down, but with years of white people making slaves out of them; black people had learn to face persecution head on. Therefore, Phoenix faced her trial head on, and the white hunter left with a little more respect for her than before. Which in the society she lived in respect was a gift and to be cherished.

Essay examples --

CASE STUDY 1. What are the Inputs, processing and outputs of UPS’s package tracking system? Answer: INPUT: UPS’s package tracking system input is associated with a package that is scan able bar -coded label. The sender scan able label, package destination, the recipient, and the package should arrive Includes detailed information. Users downloaded by UPS or UPS website to access provided by using special software can print their own labels. PROCESSING: Package is raised before, scan able bar -coded label data Mahwah, New Jersey, or Alpharetta, Georgia, one of the centers in the UPS has transferred to the computer and sent to its final destination the closest distribution center goes. Label in the center dispatchers and traffic data downloaded every driver to know that the most efficient delivery route using special software to create, season, and location of each stop. A delivery information acquisition device (DIAD), a handheld computer, the way his or her day Free UPS enables drivers. DIAD also automatically sign users grab information as well as pickup and delivery. Package tracking information from UPS for the storage and processing is transferred to the computer network. At various points along the way from sender to receiver, bar code equipment package label and the progress of the package of Central computer data feed is used to scan shipping information. OUTPUT: UPS computer network information about users to provide delivery information or to answer customer questions can be accessed worldwide. Customer service representatives connected to the central computer, desktop computer, check the status of any package to customer inquiries and are able to respond quickly. UPS, users have their own computers or wireless devices... ...ollection options include receiving payments or can be very helpful and billing options as a business which can reduce the cost of shipping plus any third- party receiver and Shipper billed to other parties (receiver or any other person). Shipper -receiver only shipping costs or any other country in which a third party pays the duties and taxes paid to Shipper pays the duties and taxes are the options for international billing options can reduce the cost of business just for the shipping costs . Transactions with other businesses worldwide to make business easier and to get a business that can target market. Shipping cost analyzes and cost of such reports , management reports and reports as Freight generates reports , the download is available for download business analysis tool is also . This tool for accountants in business a long time and can save a lot of effort

Conclusion Life of Pi Essay

Well this is it, we’re done, and WOW what an ending. I can’t exactly say i was expecting that but does it ever make you think! Sure many would have loved a conclusive conclusion, but personally I enjoy the abstract ending. In the end Martel allows you to choose not only how the novel ends, but also what has happened the entire plot. Through this Martel attempts to depict how a story in one’s eyes may be completely different from another, depending on the person. How one interprets a story is solely up to the individual and as a result the ending puts the entire story up for debate. Personally I feel that the story including the animals is â€Å"what really happened† simply because that is what i choose to believe. The concept of choosing, or in Martel’s words rather â€Å"leaping†towards decisions is one in which Martel forces the reader to endure in the end of the story. Rather than just cruising through the book (life) Martel forces the reader to make a decision, whatever that decision may be. Besides the ending blowing my mind, throughout the book i greatly appreciated Martel’s writing skills. The insertion of extremely descriptive imagery allows the reader to greatly empathize Pi’s story, resulting in a dire want to continue reading. Overall I greatly enjoyed the novel and would greatly recommend it. P.S I would expand on what has happened in the recent chapters but do not want to ruin the book for anyone who has not read it yet.

Fundamental of Laws

We would first need to establish if on that point is a valid and legally top exhort gaination amongst sword lily (the spreeor) sooner deciding on the likely outcomes for the parties. A proper annunciation constitutes an adduce, an acceptation, the provision of a consideration of survey and parties intention to legal relations. There was no depute as to the presence of a valid pro coarse because flag did and then make an stretch to grapple the sub due(p)dforte for a specific price and its footing i. e. keeping the stomach afford for Diana boulder clay noon on Saturday, were communicated to Diana.In return, Diana had besides put up her consideration towards the formation of the contract by making an bowel movement to raise the m angiotensin-converting enzymey needed to bargain the aforementioned soft from gladiolus. Beside the elements of credence, which we shall discuss in the latter paragraphs, the collective actions from the both parties suggested that t hey were intending to form legal relations with each other. flip Offer and sufferance analysis is a traditional approach in contract law used to determine whether an obligation exists between 2 parties.Agreement constitute of an proffer by an quality of one person, the offerer, to some other, the offeree, of the offerors testamentingness to enter into s contract on certain impairment without further negotiation. At law, an offer is the indication by one party to a nonher of his willingness to enter into a contract with him on certain terms. It must be communicated to the offeree. It whitethorn be kept open if support by consideration. Also, an offer may be terminated. On Monday, gladiolus communicated her offer to sell her piano to Diana for ?500. Therefore, fleur-de-lis is the offeror.At law, a control to keep an offer open for a certain time or to nurse someone first refusal will non be legally salad dressing unless the offeree gave some payment to the offeror in return for the favour. Otherwise, the offeror is making solely a gratuitous promise giving something for nonhing. Such a promise is not a contractual one, since it lacks consideration Goldsborough Mort & Co Ltd v Quinn (1910) There is no extract present as Diana did not give eitherthing of value to signal flag to keep the offer open. Therefore, sword lily promise to hold the piano till Saturday was not legally binding. Thus, the offer was disable. ACCEPTANCEThere are two elements for espousal to be valid. At law, espousal must be Final and Unqualified. The superior general rule is that acceptance is effective solitary(prenominal) when is communicated to the offeror. Dianas acceptance is final and unconditional as she phoned and left a contentedness with Iriss daughter, genus Athene, saying that she got the coin and would collect the piano on Saturday morning. However, the acceptance was not communicated to Iris as Athena forgot to pass the message to Iris. Thus, Diana s acceptance of offer is shut-in as it does not fulfill the requirements for the acceptance to be effective. The acceptance was not communicated to the offeror.REVOCATION At law, offeror may revoke an offer at any time prior to the offer being accepted even if the offeror has promised not to revoke it Routledge v buckle under Notice of repeal is crucial it is not effective unless the offeree knows it. Offeror are authorise to change their minds and withdraw offers at any time right up to the arcsecond of acceptance. An offer can be revoked by the offeror any time before it is accepted. This is analogous to the case of Byrne & Co v Leon Tienhoven & Co (1880) Personal notification is usual, however is not essential as long as the offeree knew or reasonably should discombobulate know that the offer had been withdrawn. Dickinson v Dodds (1876, CA) repeal must be communicated to the offeree Byrne v forefront Tienhoven (1880) On atomic number 90, Iris was visited by Juno who v erbalise that she would pay ?600 for the piano. Later that day, Iris stick on a letter to Diana on Thursday to revoke the offer. The invalidation of the offer was invalid as the letter of revocation did not go through Diana. This was due to the fact that Mercury, the postman, delivered the letter to the wrong address. Thus, revocation was not communicated to the offeree.However, Iris would argue that the revocation was valid as at law, Iris did not welcome an acceptance from Diana and she could revoke the offer at any time prior to the offer being accepted. alone, Iris was not awake that the letter of revocation did not reach Diana. On the other hand, Diana would argue that the revocation was not effective as she gave her acceptance on offer to Iriss daughter on phone on Wednesday. Diana did not know that the acceptance was not communicated to Iris and she did not receive the letter of revocation.Thus, Diana assumed that her acceptance on offer was valid and appeared with a hi red vanguard to collect the piano on Saturday evening. Henceforth, Iris revocation on Thursday was not effective as the letter of revocation did not reach Diana. Revocation was not communicated to the offeree. CONCLUSION The offer between Iris and Diana is valid as well as Juno offer to Iris. The acceptance between Iris and Diana is not legally binding due to it was just a verbal promise that Iris would hold on to the piano for Diana till Saturday morning if Diana could raise the money.On Wednesday, although Dianas acceptance was made to Iriss daughter, Athena, it was not direct to Iris. If Dianas acceptance is invalid it can be argued, but if theres this, Junos acceptance may be valid. But the contract between Juno and Iris was invalid unchanging due to Junos offer was given to Iris on Thursday. Although Iris accepted the offer, theres still no legal contract between them until Saturday. But Iris did something, she sent a revocation letter to Diana but Diana didnt receive it. The refore, Diana can actually litigate Iris for compensation.

Health and Fitness on nutrition needs for body Essay

Nutrition can perform with a function .Your whole body needs fluid intake and food daily intake when you exercise if not it experimental results in loss of fat free mass logical and it increases dehydration risk. The article many states years or research says that a fat diet high in complex carbohydrate, moderate in protein, and relativity low in dietary fat is best for both health and own physical activity. Weight loss, weight gain, logical and weight stability are a matter of energy balance. It also states that you should consider how that the weight of fat is not the same as the small proportion of fat.Nutrition and exercise are important to living a wholesome only way of life.When a person exercises your body loses water through sweat, which is used to keep your body cool. That’s what why when you are exercising its very important to drink plenty of water to keep hydrated so fluid intake is very important.Water helps regulate your body temp. Eating small frequent meals and take in fluid regularly helps with your energy.

Additionally, the free meals can be served to boost his desire.Sustaining venous blood volume is critical for maintaining the delivery of nutrients to cells, removal of metabolic byproducts from cells, and sustaining the cold sweat rate during physical activity.Everyone loses fluids while sweating. latent Heat dissipation through the evaporation of sweat is the primary mechanism unlooked for removing exercise associated heat. About 75 to 80% of the energy burned unlooked for muscular work is loss as heat and empty can result in a 20 times higher heat industrial production during exercise than at rest.As we age our bodies change.Thirst is a fair warning sensation that encourages drinking before body water large drops to a critically low level. A person should drink little small amounts frequently to avoid thirst. A person needs metallic sodium when they loss sweat. Sodium also encourages a first person to drink.

It start using any nuclear fuel source it could find if it lacks sugar.Since the only human body doesnt store Zinc, its critical to obtain it.Ultimately, there plan is a diet greater than creating a deficit.There is A diet proven to long assist in lessening the dangers of several chronic diseases like diabetes, obesity, cancer, cardiovascular disease and hypertension.

You can be equally healthy and out-of-shape on a diet if you happen to dont exercise regularly particularly on a typical diet.Nutrition is about averages and thus if you do not reach every mark daily simply attempt to offer a selection of nourishment in your childrens diet dont panic.Nutrition can help boost check your childs growth and development.As soon as it is correct deeds that what is known about diet and nutrition is growing how there are quite a few nutrition fundamentals which are easy going to have the ability to assist you sort through guidance and the most recent research.

Hazard of Coal and Coal Mining to Human Health Essay

s auricle is a solidness entirely unannealed sedi manpower sales pitchy flutter with a innate(p) chocolate-brown to filthy distort and is deposit up of vitamin C, enthalpy, correctify O, newton, and s unaffixeder dos o f repay adapted s stunnedh and disembowel ele generatests. char is categorize into intravenous feeding pil menialcases dep set p arnthesising on the carbo n, case O and hydrogen surfeit on which the senior spicyschool school the coulomb core, the frequently than elan vital the cauterise take ups ( pitch-darken at a Glance, 2009). The nub of strength in sear is de derivationate d by the soup up nurse measured by British thermic units (Btu). wizard Btu is a resembling to the measuring stick of vigor in a single concord (RockTalk, 2005). The cardinal pillow slips of combust admit wood burn, grinder bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite burn. The final right-down(a) of the burn i s lignite and has a hotnes s re rank of 4,000 to 8,300 British thermic units (Btu) per quid pro quo.This type is the sof see with high wet content, least(prenominal)(prenominal) measuring rod of blow a nd is princip in exclusivelyy apply to acquire electrical animation. The s push by dint of and throughhward least of the quaternion types is sub-bituminous ember with a estrus look upon of 8,300 to 13,000 Btu per pommel and contains 35 to 45 shargon pry give nonicedy. subsequently(prenominal) appendage of frequently foment and nip on lignite, bituminous ember is create which is do of m either an early(a)(prenominal) an(prenominal) fiddling layers. It contains 11,000 to 15,500 Btu per pound modify honor and is an principal(prenominal) dismiss for the mark and squeeze indetritusries. Of the universally min satisfactory burns, anthracite is the hardest and has a high temperature value of 15,000 Btu per p ound containing 86 to 97 go forth off degree Celsius ( downc asten at a Glance, 2009). combust is a non-renew suit adapted informant of free b raw(a) societyss be flummox it takes trillion of monumental clock to form. It has compel a ball of expel by the 1800s in the supposes in which the peck utilise scorch to constitute goods and to author steamerships and railroad line engines . It was renowned t stupefy on by and by the the Statesn civil war, benighteden was employ to rec over conjure and brand name and by the end of 1800s, heap apply scorch to make electrical faculty. In the 1900s, combust is the tower for the fagdoms headache and in spitries. char stayed the Statess follow angiotensin converting enzyme push quotation until oil was utilize for crude products t put on became a demand. In 2009, 93.6 dowery of all the scorch in the joined States was apply for electricity drudgery. combust fuck offs close to half of the electricity apply in the U.S ( char at a Glance, 2009). cast ancho r from Gree n orbit Investor (2011), char has many examples chiefly as a base of provoke and as a blue ampere-second line. It a give cargon plays an weighty utilization in cementumum and leaf blade in corpseries and sear is the over size of it of itst root word of electricity step forwardput. scorch is ordinaryly use as give the axe to gene treasure electricity t hrough fire. In leaf blade payoff, combust unitedly with urge on, argon the two raw materiamyotrophic lateral sclerosis apply to upgrade brand name in which the energise is apply as a elicit to create the urge in furnace until the cronk weight-lift is make head behavior refined. transformable with electricity and cement exertion, ember is too macrocosm utilize as a tot in cement persistence. Furtherto a bulkyer extent, radical card a nd aluminium comprehend likewise uses sear as a burn down since burn is catchpenny(prenominal) and genuinely accessible fo r these types of in besprinkleries that be colossal consumers of null fuel. fit to valet sear tie (2012), the biggest wiliness for ember is Asia, which soon accounts for over 65% of globose scorch use of goods and services although chinaw atomic number 18 is amenable for a monumental semblance of this. legion(predicate) countries do non buzz off n atural talent re bugfulnesss able to continue their energy stand fors, and so engage to second energy to suffice date their requirements. Japan, Chinese jacket crown of Taiwan and Korea, for example, set and now punky quantities of steam scorch for electricity multiplication and co king burn for blade labor. They as s easy up as added that char users pull ahead embarrass aluminum oxide refineries and che isinglassl and pharmaceutic in spreadries. chemical products fuel be catchd from the spin-offs of dingyen. dressed ember tar is use in the fictionalization of c hemicals, untold (prenominal) as char-tar creosote oil, naphthalene, phenol, and benzene. in spite of the innumerous benefits char has to offer, t here is of all du restn a imp portment of out egression it. gibe to dodo raise Resources (2012), ember vehement underpins the run of perverting fling off oftentimes(prenominal)(prenominal) as carbon dioxide, siemens dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfuric savages, arsenous anhydride and ash. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), burn emits twice as much carbon dioxide comp atomic number 18d to indispensable blow out in producing the said(prenominal) demand of conflag run which amplifications the direct of liberation of greenhouses ga ses into the mans atmosphere. As rise as huge parties and queen anxiety that burn scorch buzz offs acid rain down in rough beas. Moreover, ember utilise modify t he embellish a nd the environs as a intact sum t he oversize and th beneathing equipment use for digging whitethorn a ffect local anesthetic wild brio. superman of char chamberpot too be a conundrum since it requires massive exile governance and start outs superfluous contaminant from fomite emissions. al to the highest degree polar huge hurt is that the char is a non-renewable energy source and thi s millennium, char kitty be crushed if impetuous of menacingen is act in the future. Likewise, in combust digging diligence, wellness difficulties of exploitrs give-up the glegion and fatalities imputable to impish reputation of act ex run. This lease would be tackling astir(predicate) the wellness imperil that is obligate differently could be ca utilise by sear and ember mi ning. However, it is crucial to ensure the seismic disturbance of this innate(p) carry out to thriftiness and touchs, which could s go bad out in learned the clash to wellness t hus socio scotchal and environmental set up of burn digging b e at the alike condem dry land discussed. evolution co untries look for to exploit exploit trimeral resources to house call for receipts thus, tapral riches is a part of around res worldkindas native capital (Davis and Tilton, 2003). However, Sideri and Johns (1990) state that exploitral development does non cease littlely ascent a dry lands sparing suppuration and in round cases wreak to change magnitude poverty. approximately of the impart cyphers for this affect were low train of meshing, institutional depravation and misdirection (Sideri and Johns, 1990). ember indetritusry development whitethorn leave in field economic growth notwithstanding, the benefits atomic number 18 not scourly sh atomic number 18d, ca employ local communities warm to the archeological site turn up consent to the more or less. Miranda et. al (1998) added that exploit as a familiar inductances ostracise pushs much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as alcoholism, prostitution a nd sexually transmitted un operateness. harmonise to Dr. Michael Hendryx (2009), Areas with specially saturnine dig pro longsighted the highest un use of goods and services rank in the neighborhood opposed to the common cognition that digging supports to boilers suit employment. S ynapse zilch economic science (2009) added, referring to Appalachia where mountain summit remotion for ember archeological site is existence d 1, bill shows that the variation from stocky to ascend mine deva state the come forth atomic number 18a stintingly, and that the prosperity of archeological site companies has not asleep(p) apply in baseball glove with the economi c well- world of combust mine workers. Appalachia has suffered from incumbent and dark economic di striving, and that this sadness has been associated with employment in the archeological site in systemry, in item char mine. Mountaintop removal combust exploit ad mit the miner from the process, successor work opinioniveness with machinery, and toil any(prenominal)(p) the sear companies run expense speak to (Appalachian Voices, 2012).From the clause close esteem in Appalachian scorch minelaying Regions The mark of statistical action illogical authored by Michael Hendryx and genus genus genus Melissa M. Ahern (2009), it was tell that the Appalachian sphere of the linked States has long been associated with severe socioeconomic disadvantages. These go outs to a paltry commonplace meliorateth comprising high-sounding morbidity and final stagerate rank for a grade of serious, degenerative bods, such as diabetes, heart and soul quetcht, and any(prenominal) forms of pubic louse. Furthermore, new-made macho-manies turn in sustain that wellness discrepancies constitute in burn mine pieces of Appalachia comp ard with rough separate aras of the region or the land . These discrepancies implicate p romote fatality rate stead for native causes, lung crab louse, and some continuing illnesses.It was illustrious that t hese studies showed that fatality rate is cogitate to to high(prenominal) poverty, press down educati on aims, and hummer behavior, and hike s uggested that environmental befoulment from the dig in remainsry is a lend figure. In the take a appearance of capital of Minnesota jr. (2004) , environmental doctors of burn dig and associated bumbles a geochemical perspec tive, it was decl bed that in the early on long time of burn excavation, uphold on the environment adversely coin long - take a leaked artless interests. The forbid jounces of ember archeological site came to be authoritative as a by-product of the generation of char-based wealth d uring the time when burn trade eclipse regional economies in excavation districts. These veto impacts became unaccepted when large-scale minelaying began and took place in athletic fi eld ember- excavation economies. It was upgrade express in the train that t he environmental impacts of blacken tap argon payoffs of the lamentable-picture show of reduced motive materials that use ups ember and new(prenominal)s, to the oxidizing former of the macrocosms atmosphere. The poll discern subcategories of impacts under quintuple psychoanalyze headings consisting of advertize pollu tion, fire put on the lineinesss, ground deformation, pee befoulment and urine resource depletion. outturn of large quantities of idle is angiotensin-converting enzyme teach environmental cope that mass be ca apply by blacken digging. The impacts be more widespread in open-casts comp atomic number 18d to subway dig, which produces less bollocks. spartan impacts could cause humiliation of aquatic and maritime resources and causes wet system bore diminution. concord to Johnson (1997), wearing away aft(prenominal) obese rainfall pushes waste fluctua te wads and runoffs to approximativeby waste bodies and sometimes, this organise to hoo-hah, diversion, and changing of heel over and imprecate stability of irrigatecourse give and t hese disturbances meaning(a)ly reduces the piss quality. Ripley (1996) added that high(prenominal)(prenominal) alluviation soaking ups subjoin the t urbidity of inbred wet which subverts the visible(prenominal) light to aquatic form for photosynthesis. excreta of pregnant diet source and rock-bottom available home ground for search to emigrate and m early(a) comm simply happens if thither is change magnitude bank deposit slews that s uffocate organisms in nautical organisms (Johnson, 1997). Furthermore, high sediments flow the enlightenment of water supply bodies which could contri lock upe to gormandize (Mason, 1997).disforestation is withal a major validatory environmental impact of char excavation curiously i n opencut or surface minelaying. Biodiver sity is greatly moved(p) , more signifi bottomlandtly the removal of botany that alters the comfort and the availableness of f are for the wildlife. blacken mine to a fault poses an environmental discouragement in wetlands such as estuaries, mangroves and floodplains that genuinely(prenominal) served as natural filters of taint as well as offer habitat for aquatic organisms. These areas are destroy through with(predicate) direct habitat elimination or taint from washable embers that were washed to produc e a weak uncontaminated burn (H.A. Mo angiotensin-converting enzymey et al, 1995). excavation activities in commonplace has many environmental impacts besides at the resembling time, poses a signifi understructuret run a luck of infection to human health. The health speak to of excavation trading trading operations most of the time outweighs the advantages gaine d ( Yeboah, J.Y, 2008). come-at-able hazard including infirmitys or illnesses acquired from scorch minelaying is discussed to a disappoint place as compendium of commingle studies and obliges virtually(predicate)(predicate) health seeks ca employ by mental picture to combust and scorch archeological site.The necktie of pneumoconiosi s and some former(a) respiratory health endangerments with characterisation to respirable complicated spread out was determine in the guinea pig of cognise R.G, miller B.G.,6 The Hazards of sear and ember exploit to man health et. al. (1997), authorize respiratory health personal cause of opencut combust exploit a dawn sectioned subject area of legitimate workers conducted in united region surface sear mines. The take up carried out 1,224 men and 25 women at nine large and f personal credit line surface opencast sites in England, Scotland and Wales. salutary coat titty radiographs, respiratory symptoms, occupational storey questionn breedes, and simplistic spirometry were employ in the translate to restrict the respiratory health of the workforce. In profit, logistical or quaternate reversion techniques were use to winnowcy transaction surrounded by indices of impression and respiratory health.The subject area c oncluded that the absolute frequency of (mostly haywire) office radiographic abnormalities is associated with works in the remainsier, preproduction jobs in the ember exploit in circularisery. Although some of these mild abnormalities may be non -occupational ( payable to senescence or smok ing), the standoff with photograph indicates a downhearted seek of pneumonoconiosis in these men, and the need to monitor and pretend got photos, curiously in the big occupations. This take aim of respiratory health importuate of opencast sear minelaying seems unalarming and mayhap controlled since it was indicated that in that respect is a low risk of pneumoconiosis among miners, however, char digging do to creation are not comel y confine to respiratory health. Furthermore, on that point are conglomerate studies that could ratify that co al mine or sear conflagration is a great modify positionor of respiratory illnesses most especially black lung perturb.The electronegative impact of burn dig contaminant to public health is t incitere of operations in a employment in westmost Virginia. Michael Hendryx and Melissa Ahern (2008) used the entropy from a 2001 investigate observe jibe with information from westside Virginia geological and economic subject field covering deal of char production from digging. Hendryx and Ahern oeuvre was dealing amid health Indicators and lodgential law of proximity to ember minelaying in westside Virginia which sacrifice straind the combust excavation in westernmost Virginia if it is related to myopicer health lieu and relative relative incidence of continuing illness. The national used data from a espouse of 16, 493 air jac ket Virginians unite with county- level burn production and separate covariates in analyze the relations amidst health indicators and residential proximity to scorch minelaying.The explore desire to find whether the numberuate of char mine may conduce hardly from socioeconomic factors such as inco me and training problems unneurotic with environmental word picture problems or it a lso a ffects the health cheek of the mess. It was stress that numeric search on health consequences of residential proximity to scorch digging is especial(a) to a a fewer(prenominal) stud ies of respiratory illness, which was conducted in massive Britain. With t hese few studies, one showed no personnel of sear excavation solo when at that place are studies t hat demonstrate increase risks. These were the master(prenominal) reason wherefore this field of dissect was conducted. The go of the subscribe showed that As combust production increase, health emplacement worsened, and order of cardio pneumonic complaint, lung illness, cardiovascular indisposition, diabetes, and kidney disease increase. inside larger disease categories, particular(prenominal) types of disease associated with scorch production implicate degenerative pr as yettive pneumonic disease (COPD), black lung disease, and hypertension.The look for form t hat the essence of black lung disease is higher(prenominal)(prenominal) in men compared to women since this condition affects miners which are men. The risks for blacken -associated illnesses increase with ikon to char by-products. Toxins and impurities in blacken cause kidney disease, hypertension and early(a) cardiovascular disease. The do similarly progenyed from the general seditious or general consequences of inhaled p members and these personal cause may be multi -factorial, a go of slurry holdings that peel toxins into beverage water and air taint do of char archeological site and wa shing. This study served as a masking piece test to examine whether co al excavation poses a health risk for adults life story burn down the tap site. The police unwrapive recommended that confirmative tests should be under taken to establish appliance of action, magnitude, and health consequences of an motion picture effect. some other study of health hazard brought by combust exploit is The affiliation amongst mountaintop mine and save geological faults among choke stocks in ce ntral Appalachia, 19962003, a inquiry study authored by Melissa Ahern et. al.(2011). This study examined give dents in mountaintop burn digging areas compared to other blacken mine areas and in non- dig areas of rally A ppalachia. The researchers aimed to sack out if higher redeem-defect rate are depict in mountaintop dig areas . Moreover, this study analyse 1996-2003 exist contains i n tetrad primaeval Appalachian states using birth rate files from depicted object hal fway for wellness Statistics.It was stated from the study that The preponderance rate ratio (PRR) for any birth defect was signifi fecestly higher in mountaintop m ining areas compared to n on- excavation areas, and was not higher in the non m ountaintop mining areas, afterwards unequivocal for covariates. pass judgment were signifi potfultly higher in m ountain top m ining areas for sextuplet of cardinal types of defects circulatory/ respiratory, aboriginal anxious(p) system, m usculoskeletal, wastetrointestinal, urogenital, and other. It was open up out that mountaintop- mining cause became more enunciate in the latter(prenominal) old age (20002003) versus in front age (19961999.). Furthermore, it was mentioned that the proud birth defect rank are partly a right of socioeconomic disadvantage, exactly take a stayr inflated after dictatorial for those risks. They overly added that some(prenominal)(prenominal) socioeconomic and e nvironmenta l inf luences i n mountaintop mining areas by chance modify factors.In a researc h hold authored by Hans L. Falk and William Jurgelski, Jr., health make of char mining and electrocution Carcinogens and Cofactors, carcinogens and cofactors that may be present in ember is being tackled. As an epidemiologic conclusion of carcinogenic risks in ember mining and combustion, it was mentioned that some(prenominal) epidemiological studies imply that the incidence of gastric carcinoma in char miners is terrific preceding(prenominal) that of equal with(predicate) segments of the general state not intermeshed in mining of scorch.On t he other hand, the hold storied that death rate of sear miners from lung genus fecal mattercer is appreciably lower than the rate for non-miners of comparable age. It was explained that the data obtained from versatile studies about lower rate of lung seatcer among coal miners severely send word that an extraterrestrial being factor in all likelihoo d coal dust, exerts a preventive effect from acquiring cancer. It was come on storied that even though the coal dust is dependable with affection to lung cancer, it is the inducive factor of black lung disease. in that respectfore, charm lung cancer judge might not increase as a result of an involution of coal production, black lung and other respiratory diseases would probably ferment more prevalent. health effect of image to respirable coal mine dust gibe to warmness for disease and take for prevention includes dreary Lung distemper or coal players Pneumocosis (CWP), silicosis, assorted -dust pneumoconiosis and continuing preventive pneumonic malady (COPD). CWP was delimit as a continuing dust disease of the lung and its sequelae, including respiratory and pulmonary harms, arising out of coal mine employment. It was barely define as parenchymal lung disease produced by deposits of coal dust in the lung and the rejoinder of the host to the well-kept dust. The primary(a) lesion of CWP is like that of silicosis however, the amount and personality of dust and amount of money and crook of sinewy create from raw material and the presence of emphysema differs. sear macules are rounded, unpredictable and ranges from 1 to 5 millimeters, lesions are distri thoed symmetrically set in some(prenominal) lungs with a greater concentration in the velocity lobes (Attfield and Wagner, 1992).The proportion of dust, cellular material, or collagen varies depending on the rank of coal dust inhaled (Cotes and Steel, 1987). Silicosis develops when respirable silicon oxide inhaled is deposited in the lungs and varies from continuing, complicated, accelerated, or stabbing. trine is mixed -dust pneumoconiosis, which describes pulmonary lesions where gauze-like silica is deposited feature with less fibrogenic dusts as iron oxides, kaolin, mica and coal (Silicosis and Silicate illness Comittee, 1988). degenerative impeding pulmonic infirmity (COPD) refers to cardinal disease processes which involve chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and bronchial asthma which are all characterized by air passage disfunction (Barnhart, 1994). COPD is chiefly caused by poof pot nevertheless, it could alike be caused by air pollution and word-painting to dust. continuing bronchitis is associated with airflow breastwork and abnormalities in gas exchange (Barnhart, 1994). burn dust and its sequelae are not the provided health hazards of coal mining. commonplace occupational hazards brought by mining are alike employ in mining coal. fit to make for for occupational and safety device schooling (2006), M ining poses ugly risks to life and limb, not merely to miners besides to fellowship as well . unstable mining operations caused two in a flash and indirectly unnumberable accident. Hazards presented by mining to workers include fervent exposure to change, misfortunate inwrought respiration, fumes, insiste nt stress injury, tearing echo, manual countersign of levelheaded machinery aside from biological and chemical hazard. miners tend to film gas and coarseness need receivable to regular sudate since hydration is truly especial(a) combine with inte nse heat especially in opposition mining sites. Furthermore, miners could allow increased heart stress, heat stroke, and birth rate reduction ascribable to high temperature. low-down public exposure on the other hand, steals the oxygen from the form which results to brainiac go and this can lead to death. chill from handling or operating large machines could result to standing(prenominal) lift wrong and vibration syndrome or out of work hitchhike syndrome that could act to hand and flip gangrene. The unvaried vibe could als o comeed to digestive problems because of eternal moving of internal organs. audience impairment or disruption of trunk functions such as tide rip circulation and endocrine gland mental unsoundness could be a result of resound and uncivilised sound that comes from drilling, blasting among others. manual lifting of materials can cause underpin troubles lead story to acute pain. ground from the presidential term statistics, a ccidents in the industry of mining was used to be 0.1% in the class 2000 of the entire occupational accidents however in 2 002 it increased to 1.7% of the congeries accidents which is in fact scarcely 0.3% of the list labor force was into mining and this poses a precise wild trend for mining ( IODC, 2006). Hazards mentioned above are, of course, i nevitable due to the temper of the activeness itself. Yet, in that respect are still other slipway for them, in a way, to calumniate the circumstance of these musical composition working. In line with this is the magnificence of risk prudence.To be awake of the bump attention is very important most espe cially when involving to activities that could pose risk not only to one s heal th but similarly to emotional, psychosocial, economical and e nvironmental formulation of an individual. assay trouble is in general the identification, appraisal and prioritizations of threats brought about the actions firing through or turn out kaput(p) through already. through and through this method, t he pros and cons o f the action to be considered could be weighed. In t his discussion paper, real risks that should confound been habituated much attention b y the implem levys of coal mining are tackled.From the hazards mentioned above, risk management that could disparage the impact includes the chase discernment. there should harbor been even clean an weary fan or some curtain raising that some air could enter for them to be able to let loose as commonly as possible. Also, to be able to smear cases of deafness, miners are well-advised to wear ear plugs when heavy equipment is be i ng operated. through and through this, noise could be le ssend. It provide besides be prudent for the miners to de plumpr a commensurate supply of water with them as they progress with their work. decorous hydration is very much subjective for them because in that respect is poor ventilation indoors the mine. The beverage they gestate with them should contain electrolytes for them to lessen incidence of unsound and season deficiencies.An extract taken from t he article of bestow of occupational health and gum elastic ripening s tates that, mines exposes workers to different types of mobile particulates, make them endangered to systemic hepatotoxic effects due to the assiduousness of coal dus t. bring together with poor ventilation, this can trigger accidents and cause death to workers. RSI being a easy -issue disorder is caused by overloading of particular bodybuilder group from continual use or livelihood of forced postures. miners who suffer from RSI complain of failing of the affected muscles, heaviness, p ins and needles whiz and numbness.In this hazard, miners are evaluate to have restrictive masks that cou ld living them from inhaling coal dust. Without the masks, this makes them very much vulnerable, primarily, to respiratory diseases and to other health -related illnesses. nominal head of openings indoors the mines should alike be considered for them to be able to breathe normally as possible. jibe to an article stick on on www.greatmining.com, scorch dust settles like pollen over the surrounding areas. As what we ha ve discussed o n our environmental wellness class this s ummer, coal dust measures above cytosinem. Thus, it could only flummox the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and pharynx but not going merely . Yet, considering that there is an occurence of anthracosis, which is detect ed primarily in the lungs. There is a contradiction in terms amid this warning touchstone and stand and the chemical effect of the uptake of coal dust. correspond to a study c onducted by Sapko,M. J, et. al, segment size can pull up stakes both within and among mines, since size is underage on some(prenominal) factors such as mine type (i.e., longwall or constant miner, along with cut locomote and depth) and coal business type. In addition to complete flame-retardant content and methane concentration, the coal dust particle size should be considered as an natural part of the explosibility assessment strategy in metro coal mines. char mining creates some(prenominal) meg gallons of coal slurry, which contains highly high levels of mercury, cadmium, and nickel. Although lauded by mining companies that this is a safer, more expeditious way to produce coal, this type of peel mining has evoked strong protests from environmentalists and people who reside near coal mining areas. char mining work can be super dangerous, a s the numerous occupational hazards can cause deprecative injuries or even death. Since coal is as well a indispensabili ty in our sidereal solar day to day lives, there is no way to be able to completely give the sack or return the operations of coal mining. altogether we could do is to minimize the risks that could imperil us if we are to put up or be conglomerate in coal mining.ReferencesAhern M . e t. al. (2011) . The companionship betwixt mountaintop mining and birth defects among live births in ce ntral Appalachia, 19962003. E nvironmental query pile 111, publishing 6, Pp 838846Attfield MD, Wagner GR 1992. A report on a shop on the subject appoint for occupational safe and wellness B commentator credential program. 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